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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 
RIVERSIDE 


Bennett's  ILattn  .Series 


A  NEW   LATIN    COMPOSITION 


BY 


CHARLES    E.    BENNETT 

aOLDWIX    S.MHII    professor    ok    latin    JN    CORNELL 
L'NIVERSri'V 


PART    ONE 


o»to 


AT.  L  Y  N    AN  1)    BACON 
Ijcision   ;   Xe\ii  llork    ;   (TliieaciO 


COPYRIGHT.    1912  and  loj?. 
BY  CHARLES    E.   BENNETl 


Kottaooti  jpnaa 

J.  S.  Cusiiing  Co.  —  Berwick  &  Smith  Cc, 

Norwood,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 

Part  I  of  the  present  work  is  based  exclusively  on 
Caesar.  The  illustrative  examples  are  drawn  directly 
from  Caesar's  own  writings,  either  unchanged  or  with 
unessential  alterations  designed  to  adapt  the  passage 
for  practical  use.  The  sentences  of  the  Exercises  bring 
into  use  only  Caesar's  vocabulary  —  chiefly  the  common 
words  —  and  Caesar's  constructions.  The  passages  of 
continued  discourse  in  Part  I  are  devoted  partly  to  a 
summary  of  the  familiar  episodes  of  the  early  books  of  the 
Gallic  War,  but  deal  mainly  with  the  stirring  events  of 
tlie  year  54  u.c.  as  narrated  in  Pook  V. 

Part  II  is  based  on  Cicero,  and  follows  in  detail  the 
plan  of  Part  I.  The  passages  of  continuous  discourse 
interspersed  among  the  Exercises  deal  with  Cicero's  life 
up  to  his  consulship.  The  remainder  give  a  somewhat 
detailed  account  of  the  career  of  Verres. 

Part  III  is  intended  for  the  last  year  of  the  high  school 
or  academy,  and  consists  of  some  thirty  passages  of  con- 
tinuous discourse,  dealing  with  the  subject-matter  of  the 
Fourteen  Philijipic  Orations  of  Cicero. 

In  comjjliance  with  tht;  i-ccjuest  of  a  large  luimber  of 
tcacliers,  I  have  included  material  for  oral  exercises  in 
connection  with  Parts  1  and  H  of  this  book. 

ClIAULKS    K.     HKNNKTT. 

rniA(  A,    May,    I'.tl'J. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


PART   I. 


I.     Subject  Xomiiiative.     Tredicafo  Nouns.     Apposi 

fives.     The  \'ocaliv(!   ..... 

IT.     Agreeiiu'iit  of  Adjectives  and  ^'e^bs        ...         6 

III.     Relative  rroiiouiis.     rossi\ssive  Pronouns       .         .         0 

ly.     The  Accusative.     .Vccusative  ot  Direct  Obj-.'t^t 

V.     The    Accusativf.'    (^continued).      Two    Accusatives, 

Accusali\e  of  Time,   S])acc,   ]>iniit   of   ^lotion 

etc 15 

n,     Tlie  Dative.     Tlie  Dative  of  Indirect  01)ject  .        IS 

VII.     Tlie  \)-d{\\i'  {conlinueil).     l^ative  of  Agency.  Pos- 
session, etc.  ........       21 

rilf.      The   (ieniti\e.      (Jenitivc    of    Possession.      Subjec- 
tive (ienitive.     Objective  Genitive,  etc       .         .       l21 
IX.     The  Geuiti\e   (coiifi/nie'l).     Genitive  with   .Adjec- 
tives; Avith  Yt'rbs         ......       '27 

X.     The  Ablative.     Ablative  of  Se]>aratioii ;  of  Source  ; 

of  Comparison,  etc.       ......       ^iO 

XI.     The   Ablative   (fonhm/r,!).     Ablative  with    Depo- 
nents, r/c. ;  Ablative  of  Cause      ....       ;>:] 

XII.  The  Ablative  (nnitimu-il).  Ablative  of  :\Ianner;  of 
Attendant  Circumstance;  of  Accompaniment; 
of  Degree  of  Difference ;  of  (Quality    .  .         .       ''>6 

XIII.     The  Ablative  (conliiiunl).     Ablative  of  Specifica- 
tion;   Ablativt;   Absolute;    of  I'lace  A\'here ;   of 

Place  from  Which ;!n 

XIV.     The    Alilative    (con/inuei!).      The    Locative   Case. 

Ablative  of  Time.     Roman  Dates       ...       42 


TahJe  of  Contents. 


XV.     Syntax  of  Adjectives.      Adjectives  ii>(,>d  Sul)- 
stanti\cly;   \\ilh  the  Force  of  Adverl)s;   the 
Coinpai'ative    and    Superlative;     Adjectives 
denoting  a   VA\i;  primus,  Jirat   w/to;    ultimus, 
last  irJio    ........ 

XVI.     Pronouns.        Tersonal,     Reilexive.     lleciprocal 
Pronouns;   Demonstrative  Pi'ououns 
XVIT.     Pronouns    Q-ontiuued).      Indefinite    Pronouns. 
Pronoininal  Adjectives  .  .  .         .         . 

XVIII.     Tenses  of  the  Indicative    .         .  .         .         . 

XIX.     Purpose  Clauses.     Serpience  of  Tenses 

XX.     Clauses  of  Characteristic.     Clauses  of  liesult  . 

XXr.     Causal  Clauses.     Temporal  Clauses  with  post- 

quam,  ut,  ubi,  simul  ac       .         .         .         .         . 

XXII.  Temporal  Clauses  {mntiniicd).  Cum-Clauses; 
antequam  and  />nusg«Gm- Clauses;  dum.  donee, 
and  ^uoacf-Clauses    ...... 

XXIII.  Suhstantive  Clauses.      I)evelo])ed  from  the  Jus- 

sive ;   from   the   Dcliherat  ive  :   after  \'erl>s  of 
hhii/erini/.  jirtrt  titiiif/.  vie.  .  .  .  . 

XXIV.  Sulistantiv(»    Clauses    (r/,),h)nic>f).       D.'Vi'lopcd 

from   tlic   Optative;    of    Kesult;     introduced 
iiy  quod    ....... 

XXV.     Indirect  (Questions     ..... 

XX\'I.     Conditional  Sentences         .... 

XXVII.      Indirect  Discourse 

XXVIII.      TIk!    Inlinitive.       With     Sul)jecl     Accusitive 
^vitllout  Sulijrci  Accusal  iv(»    . 
XXIX.      Particiiilcs.      'i'.'uscs  of  the  I'articipl.s   Use  o 

I'aiticiplcs        

XXX.     The    rici'und.     The    Ccrundivc    (dnslruction 
The  Supine      ...■■■ 
Sup]ile.mentary  Passages  in  Conliiiued  I)i,>eour>e 

VoCAl'.n.AIiY 


41 

48 

51 
55 
57 
GO 


05 


67 


81 

84 

.s7 
01 


LIST   OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 


Grammatical  references  not  preceded  by  any  Initial  are  to  the  Revised  Edition  ol 
the  author's  Latin  Grammar. 


A.  &  G. 

.     Allen  &  Greenougli's  New  Latin  Grammar 

abl.    . 

.     ablative. 

ace. 

,     accusative. 

adv. 

adverb. 

c. 

common  (gender), 

cf. 

,     compare. 

conj. 

.     conjunction. 

dat. 

.     dative. 

dep. 

.     deponent. 

e.g. 

.     for  example 

i. 

feminine. 

gen. 

genitive. 

II. 

Ilarkness's  Complete  Latin  Grammar. 

i.e. 

that  is. 

imper 

.     impersonal. 

indecl 

indeclinable. 

intran 

s.  or 

ntr. 

intransitive. 

lit. 

literally. 

111. 

masculine. 

n. 

neuter. 

obj.    , 

object. 

Pl. 

plural. 

pred. , 

predicate. 

prep. 

preposition. 

semi-dep.    . 

semi-deponenti 

subj.  . 

subject. 

trans. 

or  tr 

transitive. 

LESSON   I. 

SUBJECT  NOMINATIVE.    PREDICATE  NOUNS.    APPOSITIVES 
THE  VOCATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Subject  Nominative.  166,  166.  2 ;  A.  &  G.  339;  II.  387 
and  1. 

2.  Predicate  Nouns.  107,  108.  2;  A.  &  G.  283,  281;  II.  393 
aud  8. 

3.  Appositives.    109.  1,  2,  5;  A.  &  G.  282;  H.  393  and  4. 

4.  The  Vocative.     171 ;  A.  &  G.  34U  ;  II.  402. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  heavy-face  figures  in  parenthesis  following  the  examples 
correspond  to  the  heavy-face  numerals  under  the  Grammatical 
References.  Tiius  (1)  indicates  that  the  Example  illustrates  the 
Subject  Nonnnative  ;  (2)  Predicate  Nouns  ;  etc.  The  other  numer- 
als refer  to  the  Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1.  Mosa  ex  monte  Vosego  pr6fluit,i  the  Meuse  floios  forth  from 

the  Yosges  Mountains.     (1) 

2.  Germani   impetiis   gladidrum   exceperunt,i  the    Germans  mpt 

the  attack  of  the  swords.     (1) 

3.  Usipetes  et  Tencteri   fliimen  Rhenum  transierunt,i   the    Usi- 

petes  and  Tencteri  crossed  the  liirer  Hhine.     (1) 

4.  aperto  Htore  naves  constituit,^  he  stationed  the  ships  on  an 

open  beach.      (1) 

5.  is^  legationem  ad  civitates  suscepit,'  he  undertook  the  emhassy 

to  the  states.     (1) 

6.  ejus  belli  haec  fuit^  csiussi,  this  vjas  the  cause  of  that  rear.    (I 

7.  extremum  oppidum  Allobrogum   est  ^  Genava,   the    oiitermnsi 

town  of  the  Allobroijes  is  Geneva.     (2) 
•6 


4 


Subject  Nominative. 


8.  in  v'cd  qui  appellatur  ^  Octodurus,   in  the  village  ivhich  is 

called  Oclddurus.     (2) 

9.  vir  fortissimus,  Piso  Aquitanus,  a  very  gallant  man,  Fiso,  an 

Aquitania)i.     (3) 

10.  duae  fuerunt   Ariovisti  uxores,  una''  Sueba,  altera'^  Norica 

there  were  ttco   ir/iv.s   of  Ariovistus,   the  one  a    Snebian 
icoman,  the  ather  JVaric.     (3) 

11.  desilite,  comnnliibnes  I*  jump  doiC7i,  comrades!    (4) 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1.  The  verb  in  tlie  Latin  .sentence  regularly  stands  last  (348  ; 
A.  &  G.  5!)0  and  a  ;  11.  004),  but  it  often  precedes  a  predicate  noun 
or  adjective. 

2.  Tiie  subject  is  here  empliatic  ;  hence  the  pronoun  is  ex- 
pressed. 

3.  una  and  altera  are  in  partitive  apposition  witli  tlie  subject, 
ux5res. 

4.  The  Vocative  reguhxrly  follows  one  or  more  words  of  the 
sentence. 

VOCABULARY. 


horseman,  eques,  itis,  m. 

lead  across,  tradiico,   ere,  duxi, 

ductus. 
leader,  dux,  duels,  m. 
lead    forth,    educo,     ere,    duxi, 

ductus. 
messenger,  nuntius,  i,  m. 


alarm,    commoveo,    ere,    movi 

motus.* 
barbarians,  barbari,  orum,  7/i. 
brother,  frater,  tris,  m. 
build,  facio,  ere,  feci,  factus. 
camp,  castra,  5rum,  n. 
centurion,  centurio,  onis,  m. 
come,  venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum.    j  tribe,  gens,  gentis,  /. 
direction,  quarter,  pars,  partis,/,    troops,  copiae,  arum,  /. 
drawup,  instruo,  ere,  iixi,  uctus.    winter  quarters,  hiberna,  orum, 
foot-soldier,  pedes,  itis,  m.  n. 

friendship,  amicitia,  ae,  /.  woman,  mulier,  eris,  /. 

*  In  giving  the  princiiial  parts  of  ver))s,  the  perfect  jiassivo  parti- 
ciple is  given  instead  of  ihe  .sui)iiie;  if  the  verb  is  transitive,  the 
participle  is  given  in  the  masculine  form,  otherwise  in  the  neuter. 
Where  the  perfect  passive  participle  is  not  in  use,  the  future  active 
participle  is  given,  if  it  occurs. 


Subject  Nor)iinatwe. 


EXERCISE. 

1.    You,  Titus,-^  were  the  leader  of  these   horsemen. 

2.  Tlie  Ubii,  a  German  tribe,  had  made  friendship  with 
the    Ivomans   and    had    already    given    many   hostages. 

3.  Cliildren  and  ---vomen  were  seen  on  the  wall.  4.  We 
shall  lead  forth  all  the  foot-soldiers  and  draw  (theni)^  up 
before  the  cajnp.  5.  The  barbarians  were  alarmed  and 
sent  messengers  in^  all  directions.  6.  Quintus,  brother 
of  Marcus,  was  a  lieutenant  of  Caesar.  7.  JSTarbo  and 
Tolosa,  most  flourishing  cities,  were  in  the  Roman 
Province.  8.  In  this  great  forest  were  many  strange 
anijiials.  9.  The  Germans  slew  Sextns  ]3aculus,  a  cen- 
turion and  brother  of  Publius  J>aculus.  10.  lie  quickly 
built  the  bridge  and  led  his  troo])S  across.  11.  Divi- 
tiacus,  the  Haeduan,  brother  of  Dumnorix  and  friend  of 
Liscus,  came  to  Caesar.  12.  Vesontio,  the  winter  quar- 
ters of  Labienus,  was  a  town  of  the  Sequani. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Words  not  given  in  the  special  vocabularies  may  be  found  in 
the  general  vocabulary  at  the  end  of  the  b(_)ijk;. 

2.  Words  in  parenthesis  are  not  to  be  translated. 

3.  in  :  translate  :  iiito. 


LESS  ox  ir. 

AGREEMENT  OF  ADJECTIVES  AND  VERBS. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Attributive  and  Predicate  Adjectives.      '2oo.  2 ;    A.  &  G 
285.  1  and  2. 

2.  Agreement  of  Adjectives.*     '2:54  and  1,  2o5  to  bottom  of 
p.  l.");];   A.  &  a.  2S6  and  a,  2S7.  1  ;  II.  30i,  ;595.  1,  2. 

3.  Agreement  of  Verbs.  -2^.  1-8,  255.  1-8,  5;  A.  &  G.  316 
and  6;  317  and  b-d;  II.  388,  3S!).  1 ;  390,  391,  392.  1,  -i. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  magna  alacritas  et  studium,  ijrcat  ear/erness  and  zeal.     (2) 

2.  res  multae   operae  ac  laboris.    a  matter  of  much    effurt   and 

laJior.     (2) 

3.  C.  Volusenus.  vir  magni  consili  et  virtutis.  Gains  Volusenus, 

a  man  ofijreat  icisdorn  and  valor.     (2) 

4.  locus  castrorum  erat  editus  et  acclivis,  the  site  of  the  camp  was 

elevated  and  sloping.     (2) 

5.  filiu3  et  fratris  filius  a  Caesare  remissi  sunt,  his  son  and  his 

brother's  son  were  sent  hack  hy  Caesar.     (3) 

6.  equitatusnondum  venerat,^  the  cavalry  had  not  yet  come.     (3) 

7.  mittitur-  ad  eos  C.  Arpineius  et  Q.Junius,  Gains  Arpineins 

and  Qiiintus  Junius  were  sent  to  them.     (3) 

8.  quarum  rerum  magnam  partem  temporis  brevitas  et  incursus 

hostium  impediebat,''  a  great  part  of  which  things  the  short- 
ness of  the  time  and  the  onrush  (f  the  enemy  prevented.    (3} 

*  Xote  that  the  principles  for  tlie  ajjjreenient  of  adjectives  cover  also 
the  use  of  participles  in  the  coiupouud  tenses  of  the  passive,  as  well  as 
In  the  periphrastic  conjugations. 

6 


Agreement  of  Adjectives  and  Verhs.         7 

0.    neque  agricultura  neque  usus  belli  intermittitur,  neither  farm- 
ing nor  the  practice  of  loar  is  interrupted.     (3) 


Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1.  When  the  subject  is  a  collective  noun,  the  verb  usually  stands 
in  the  singular. 

2.  The  verb  here  agrees  with  the  nearer  subject. 

3.  The  two  subjects  are  here  felt  as  constituting  one  idea;  hence 
the  singular  verb. 


chieftain,  princeps,  ipis,  7n. 
construct,  aedifico,  1.* 
consul,  consul,  is,  m. 
district,  regio,  onis,  /. 
either  .  .  .  or,  aut  .  .  .  aut. 
gate,  porta,  ae.  /. 
influence,  auctoritas,  atis.  /. 
neither  .  .  .  nor,  neque  (nee) 

neque  (nee), 
pilot,  gubernator,  oris,  m. 
praise,  laudo,  1.* 


VOCABULARY. 

prudence,  priidentia,  ae,  /. 
rower,  remex,  igis,  m. 
see,  video,  ere,  vidl,  visus. 
send,  mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus. 
ship,  navis,  is,  /. ;  ship  of  war, 

navis  longa,  lit.  long  ship, 
steadfastness,  constantia,  ae,  /. 
surround,  circumeo,  ire,  ii.  itus. 
tear  down,  diruo,  ere,  rui,  rutus. 
wall,  miirus.  i.  m. 
wife,  uxor,  oris,  /. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Messala  and  Piso  had  been  consuls.  2,  Xeither 
the  gate  nor  the  wall  will  be  torn  down.  3.  We  praise 
Sabinus,  a  man  of  the  greatest  prudence  and  steadfastness. 

4.  In  this   district  we    saw  many   towns   and  villages. 

5.  Either  the  father  or  the  son  was  sent.  G.  INIanj 
ships  of  war  had  been  constructed,  and  many  rowers  and 
pilots  had  been  secured.  7.  The  influence  of  these 
maritime  tribes  was  very  great.       8.    A  large  multitude  of 


*  Regular  verbs  of  the  first  conjiigatioii  are  indicated  by  the  nu- 
meral 1. 


8         Agreement  of  Adjectives  and  Verbs. 

men  had  surrounded  tlie  town  and  was  hurling  stones  and 
javelins.  9.  The  Senate  and  Ilonian  people '  decreed 
a  thanksgiving.  10.  The  camp  had  been  placed  on  a 
small  hill.  11.  The  wite  and  daughter  of  this  chieftain 
had  been  captured.  12.  These  two  great  wars  had 
been  completed  in  one  summer. 

Suggestion  on  the  Elxercise. 

1.  Senatus  populusque  Romanus  :  this  phrase  regularly  takes  a 
singular  verb. 


LESSON   III. 

RELATIVE  PRONOUNS.    POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Relative  Pronouns.     250.    1-3,  251.    1,  5,  6;  A.  &  G.  305 
and  a,  :!0G,  308.  a,/and  X.;  H.  396  and  2,  398  and  1. 

2.  Possessive  Pronouns.     2i3  and  1,  233.  3;  A.  &  G.  302  and 
a,  e  ;  II.  501. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Allobroges,  qui  trans  Rhodanum  vicos  habent,  tJie  AUobroges 

vjho  have  villages  across  the  lihone.     (1) 

2.  genus  hoc  erat  pugnae  qu5  se  Germani  exercuerant,  tfiis  ivas 

the  sort  of  battle  in  ivhich  the  Germans  had  trained  them- 
selves.    (1) 

3.  Casticus  regnum  occupavit  in  civitate  sua  quod  pater  ante 

habuerat,  Casticus  seized  the  royal  poiver  in  his  own  state 
which  his  father  had  held  before  him.     (1,  2) 

4.  Titurius  et  Cotta  qui  in  Menapiorum  fines  legiones  diixerant, 

Titurius   and    Cotta  vjho   had  led  their  legions  into   the 
territory  of  the  Menapii.      (1,  2) 

5.  sagittarids  et  funditSres  mittebat  quorum  magnum  numerum 

habebat,  he  sent  archers  and  slingers,  of  ivhom  he  had  a 
great  number.     (1) 

6.  iisus   ac   discipllna  quae  a  nobis  acceperant,  the  experience 

and  discipline  v:hi<'h  they  had  received  from  2ts.     (1) 
7     Vesontionem  venit,  quod  est  oppidum  maximum  Sequanorum, 
he   came   to   Vesontio,  vj/iich  is   the   largest   toivn  of  the 
Sequani.      (1) 

8.  Senones  quae  est  civitas  firma  inter  Gallos,  the  Senones  who 

are  a  strong  state  among  the  (lauls.      (1) 

9.  auxilium  suum  pollicentur.  they  jiromise  their  old.     (2) 

10.  vestrae  saliitis  causa  suum  periculum  neglexerunt,  for  the 
sake  of  your  safety  they  made  light  of  their  own  danger. 
(2) 

9 


10 


Relative  Pi^onoims. 


VOCABULARY. 


ancestors,  majores,  um,  m.,  lit. 

elders. 
arrival,  adventus,  us,  m. 
before,  adv.,  ante. 
freedom,  libertas,  atis,  /. 
grant,  concedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus. 
guard,  servo,  1. 

hear,  hear  of,  audio,  ire,  Ivi,  itus. 
magnitude,  magnitiido,  inis,  /. 
maintain,  retineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus. 
pacify,  paco,  1. 


pitch  (a  camp),  pono,  ere,  posui, 

positus. 
remaining,  reliquus,  a,  um. 
reproach,  incuso,  1. 
set  out,  proficiscor,  i,  profectus. 
set  on  fire,  incendo,  ere,  cendl, 

census. 
surrender,  dedo,  ere,  dedidi,  de- 

ditus. 
throw  into  confusion,  perturbo, 

1. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  You  will  set  out  for''  your  province,  and  I  for  mine. 
2.  The  Nervii  reproached  the  remaining  Belgians  who  had 
surrendered  themselves  to  the  lloman  people.  3.  The 
Gauls  were  alarmed  by  the  magnitude  of  the  works  which 
they  had  neither  seen  nor  heard  of  before.^  4.  AYe  will 
remain  in  our  own  camp  which  we  have  pitched  here. 
5.  They  set  on  fire  all  the  villages  and  buildings  which 
they  had  seen.  6.  The  enemy  Avere  thrown  into  confu- 
sion by  the  suddenness  of  our  arrival.  7.  We  shall  main- 
tain the  glory  and  freedom  which  we  received  from  our 
ancestors.  8.  The  mother  and  daughter  whom  you  cap- 
tured were  guarded  in  our  camp.  9.  Sabinus  will  with- 
draw his  forces  to  the  nearest  hill.  10.  These  are  the 
tribes  which  we  pacified.  11.  The  Suebi,  who  had  come 
to  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  returned  into  their  own 
territory.  12.  Ariovistus,  king  of  the  Germans,  was 
holding  abodes  in  Gaul  which  had  been  granted  by  ^  the 
Sequani. 


Relative  Pronouns.  W 


Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  for:  use  in  with  the  accusative. 

2.  The  adverb  regularly  precedes  the  word  which  it  modifies, 

3.  hy  :  use  a  with  the  ablative. 


LESSON  IV. 

THE  ACCUSATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

fAccrsATivE  OF  Direct  Object.) 

1.  Simple  Uses.     175.  1,  170.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  387 ;  H.  404  and  1. 

2.  With  Compound  Verbs.    175.  2.  a;  A.  &  G.  388.  h ;  H.  100. 

3.  Neuter   Pronouns   and   Adjectives   used    as   Accusative   of 
Result  Produced.'     170.  2  ;  A.  &  G.  390.  c;  II.  409.  1. 

4.  Two  Accusatives.  —  Direct  Object  and  Predicate  Accusative 
177.  1;  A.c^c  Ct.  393;  II.  410  and  1. 

5.  Adjective  as  Predicate  Accusative.    177.  "2  ;  A.  &  G.  393.  X.; 
11.  410.  3. 

6.  Passive   Construction   of   the   Foregoing   Verbs.      177.   3; 
A.  &  G.  393.  a ;  H.  410.  1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  post    eas    legiones    impedimenta   collocaverat,    behind  these 

legions  he  had  placed  the  baggage.     (1) 

2.  milites  nostri  Atrebates  in  fliimen  compulerunt,  our  soldiers 

drove  the  Atrebates  into  the  river.     (1) 

3.  Caesar  in  Rheno  pontem  fecit,    Caesar  built  a  bridge  over  the 

Rhine.     (1) 

4.  Remos  reliquosque  Belgas  adiit,  he  visited  the  liemi  and  the 

ref-i  of  the  Eehjae.     (2) 

5.  complures  equites  hunc  unum  peditem  circumsistebant,  several 

horsemen  vjere  surrounding  this  one  foot-soldier.     (2) 
3.    horum  auctoritas  apud  plebem  plurimumi  valebat,  the  influ- 
ence of  these  was  very  powerful  with  the  common  people. 

(3) 

12 


The  Accusative.  13 


7.  Sequani  nihil- responderunt,  the  Sequani  made  no  answer.   (3) 

8.  pauca^  responderunt,  they  replied  briefly.     (3) 

9.  summo  magistratui  praeerat,  quern  vergobretum  appellant, 

he  loas  in  charge  of  the  highest  office  {the  man)  whom  they 
called '■  vergohret.''     (4) 

10.  hoc  consilium  hostes  alacriores  ad  pugnam  efFecerat,  this  plan 

had  made  the  enemy  more  eager  for  battle.     (5) 

11.  amicus  ab  senatii  nostrd  appellatus  erat,  he  had  been  called 

friend  by  our  Senate.     (6) 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1.  plurimum  valebat:  Ht.   availed  very  much;  Accusative  of 
Result  Produced. 

2.  nihil  responderunt ;  lit.  replied  nothing. 

3.  pauca  responderunt:  \it.  replied  a  few  things. 

VOCABULARY. 
attack,  oppugno,  1.  |  fortification,  miinitio,  onis,  /. 

avail,  valeo,  ere,  ui,  valiturus. 
call  (name),  appello,  1. 
choose,  deligo,  ere,  legi,  lectus 
circumstance,  res,  rei,  /. 
comrade,  commilito,  onis,  m. 
courageous,  fortis,  e. 
cross,  transeo,  ire,  ii,  itus. 
embankment,  agger,  eris,  m. 
fickleness,  levitas,  atis,  /. 


get  ready,  trans..,  comparo,  1. 
go  around,  circumeo,  ire,  ii,  itus. 
grain,  friimentum,  i,  n. 
high,  altus,  a,  um. 
precede,    antecedo,    ere,    cessi, 

cessurus. 
surpass,  praecedo,  ere,  cessi,  ces- 

siirus. 


EXERCISE. 
1.  This  circumstance  made  the  troops  more  courageous. 
2.  The  Moi'iui  went  around  the  fortifications  of  the 
Romans.  3.  AVe  feared  the  fickleness  of  the  Gauls, 
who  are  often  changeable.  4.  AVe  got  ready  grain, 
chose  horsemen,  and  ^  crossed  the  Kiver  Seine.  5.  Xear  ^ 
the  Ocean  the  Rhine  makes  many  large ''islands.     6.    The 


14  TJie  Accusative. 

enemy  attacked  the  foot-soldiers  who  had  preceded  oui 
army.  7.  They  had  made  the  camp  more  extensive  and 
the  embankment  higher.  8.  Our  efforts  will  avail  very 
little.*  9.  He  called  me  friend  and  comrade.  10.  The 
Arverni  surpassed  the  remaining  Gauls  in  courage^  and 
steadfastness.  11.  We  were  called  friends  and  com- 
rades.      12.    This  speech  of  Liscus  was  of  no  avail.® 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  For  the  proper  employment  of  connectives  in  enumerations, 
see  341.  a-c  ;  A.  &  G.  323.  c.  1,  3 ;  H.  657.  6  and  N. 

2.  near :  use  prope,  prep,  with  ace. 

3.  many  large  :  the  Latin  says  :  many  and  large. 

4.  very  little  :  compare  the  6th  example. 

5.  in  courage  :  use  tlie  simple  ablative. 

6.  of  no  avail:  translate:  availed  nothing. 


LESSON  V. 

THE  ACCUSATIVE   (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Two  Accusatives,  —  Person  Affected  and  Result  Produced 

178.  1.  a-e ;  A.  &  G.  394,  390  and  a ;   II.  411. 

2.  Passive  Construction  of  these  Verbs.     178.  2 ;  A.  &  G.  396. 
b;  11.411.  1. 

3.  Two  Accusatives  with  Compound  Verbs.    179. 1-3 ;  A.  &  G. 
S95  and  X.  2  ;  H.  413. 

4.  Accusative  of  Time  and  Space.     181.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  423,  425; 
H.  417. 

5.  Accusative  of  Limit  of  Motion.     182.  1-4;    A.  &  G.  426. 
2,  427.  2,  428.  a,  b,  J ;  IT.  418  and  1,  419  and  1,  2. 

6.  Accusative  as  Subject  of  Infinitive.     184;  A.  &  G.  397.  e; 
H.  415. 

7.  Other  Accusative  Uses.     185  ;  A.  &  G.  397.  a ;  H.  416.  2,  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  interim  cottidie  Caesar  Haeduos  friimentum  flagitare,  ineari' 

ichile  Caesar  daily  demanded  the  grain  of  the  llaedui.    (1) 

2.  milites  navibus  fliimen  transportat,  he  sets  his  traops  across 

the  river  by  hoats.     (3) 

3.  Belgae   sunt  Rhenum  traducti,  the  Belgians  loere  led  across 

the  lihine.     (3) 

4.  ab  Suebis  complures  annos  bello  premebantur,  far  very  many 

years  they  tvere  harried  in  v:ar  hy  the  Suehi.     (4) 

5.  Caesar  biduum  in  his  locis  moratur,  Caesar  tarried  ttoo  days 

in  these  places.      (4) 

6.  erant   duae    fossae    quindecim    pedes   latae,    there   were   two 

ditches,  fifteen  feet  broad.     (4) 
16 


16 


The  Accusative. 


7.  hie  locus  ab  hoste  sescentos  passus  aberat,  this  place  loas  six 

hundred  paces  distant  from  the  enemy.     (4) 

8.  domos  redeunt,  they  return  to  their  homes.     (5) 

9.  in  Galliam  ulteriorem  contendit  et  ad  Genavam  pervenit,  he 

hastened  to  Gaul  and  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Geneva.   (5) 

10.  Bibracte  ire  contendit,  he  hastened  to  go  to  Bihracte.    (5) 

11.  legatos  reverti  jussit,  he  ordered  the  envoys  to  return.     (6) 

12.  maximani  partem  lacte  vivunt,  they  subsist  for  the  most  part 

on  milk.     (7) 

Remarks. 

1.  Verbs  of  demanding  more  commonly  take  a  with  the  ablative, 
instead  of  the  accusative  of  the  person.  This  is  regularly  true  of 
pet5,  as  tribunatum  a  Caesare  petivi,  /  asked  a  trihuneship  of 
Caesar. 

2.  To  denote  duration  of  time  for  a  small  number  of  days  or 
years,  it  is  customary  to  use  biduum,  triduum,  quadriduum,  txoo 
days,  three  days,  four  days;  and  biennium,  triennium,  quadrien- 
nium,  two  years,  three  years,  four  years. 


VOCAB 

ask,  peto,  ere,  petivi  or  petii, 

petitus. 
auxiliaries,  auxilia,  orum,  n. 
delay,  moror,  1. 
demand,  flagito,  1. 
eight  hundred,  octingenti,  ae,  a. 
extend,  pateo,  ere,  ui. 
field,  ager,  agri,  m. 
forest,  silva,  ae,  /. 
hasten,    contendo,    ere,    tendi, 

tentum. 
help,  auxilium,  i,  n. 


ULARY. 

legion,  legio,  onis,  /. 
month,  mensis,  is,  m. 
of,  with  verbs  of  asking,  a  (ab), 

prep,  loith  the  abl. 
pace,  passus,  us,  m. 
part,  pars,  partis,  /. 
remain,  maneo,  ere,  mansi,  man- 

siirus. 
tarry,  moror,  1. 
transport,  transporto,  1. 
winter,  hiems,  mis,  /. 


EXERCISE. 

1,    These -fields  extended  about  eight  hundred  paces. 
2.    The  Gauls  are  in  large  part  fickle.       3.    You  had  de- 


The  Accusative.  17 


layed  many  days  in  the  vicinity  of  Tolosa.  4.  The 
fortifications  were  forty  feet  high.  5.  Sabinus  ordered 
the  auxiliaries  to  be  sent  home.  G.  We  asked  help  of 
the  Britons.  7.  Ariovistus  had  remained  four  months 
in  these  forests  and  swamps.  8.  You  had  demanded 
money  of  us.  9.  We  transported  these  troops  across 
the  River  Rhone  and  hastened  to  Geneva.  10.  During 
the  remaining  part  of  the  winter  these  legions  remained 
in  the  vicinity  of  Aquileia.  11.  The  horsemen  were  led 
across  the  river.  12.  We  tarried  two  days  near  Tolosa 
and  then  came  to  Xarbo.  13.  Caesar  informed  Sabinus 
of  ^  his  departure.  14.  Sabinus  was  informed  of  ^  Caesar's 
departure. 

Suggestion  on  the  Exercise. 
1.   of:  use  de  with  the  abl. 


LESSON  VI. 

THE  DATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

(Dative  of   Indirect   Object.) 

1.  Indirect  Object  in  Connection  with  a  Direct  Object  aftei 
Transitive  Verbs.     187.  I  and  a;  A.  &  G.  362 ;  H.  424. 

2.  Indirect  Object  with  Intransitive  Verbs.     187.11;  A.  &  G. 
366,  367;  H.  424,  426.  1,  2. 

3.  Indirect  Object  with  Compoimd  Verbs.     187.    III.  1,  2; 
A.  &G.  370;  H.  429  and  1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  unam  legionem  C.  Fabio  dedit,  he  gave  one  legion  to  Gains 

Fabius.     (1) 

2.  id  Caesari  nuntiatum  est,  that  teas  reported  to  Caesar.     (1) 

3.  Haeduorum  civitati  Caesar  indulserat,  Caesar  had  favored  the 

state  of  the  Haedui.     (2) 

4.  neque    mulieribus   neque  pueris   pepercit,  he  spared  neither 

women  nor  children.     (2) 

5.  Treviri  ejus  imperio  n5n  parebant,  the  Treviri  did  not  obey 

his  order.     (2) 

6.  aciem  suam  carris   circumdederunt,  they  placed  their  line  of 

battle  around  the  icago7is.     (3) 

7.  minus  facile  finitimis  bellum  inferre  poterant.  they  loere  less 

easily  able  to  icage  v:ar  against  their  neighbors.     (3) 

8.  ei  munition!  quam  fecerat  T.  Labienum  praefecit,  he  placed 

Titus  Labienus   in  charge  of  that  fortification  which  he 
had  made.     (3) 

9.  Brutus   huic  class!  praeerat,   Brutus  was   in   charge  of   this 

fleet.     (3) 

18 


The  Dative. 


19 


VOCABULARY. 


(account)  on  account  of,  prop- 
ter, prep,  with  ace. 

arms,  weapons,  arma,  orum,  n. 

bravely,  fortiter. 

bring  upon,  iafero,  ferre,  tuli, 
illatus. 

charge,  be  in  charge  of,  praesnm, 
esse,  fui,  futurus,  inth  dat. ; 
put  in  charge,  praeficio,  ere, 
feci,  fectus,  xoith  dat.  of  in- 
direct object. 

favor,  faveo,  ere,  favi,  fautiirus. 

band  over,  trado,  ere,  tradidi, 
traditus. 

hostage,  obses,  idis,  m. 


lieutenant,  legatus,  I,  m. 
obey,  pareo,  ere,  ui,  pariturus. 
persuade,  persuadeo,  ere,  suasi, 

suasum. 
place    around,   circumd5,    dare, 

dedi,  datus. 
province,  provincia,  ae,  /. 
reduce,  redigd,  ere,   redegi,   re- 

dactus. 
resist,  resisto,  ere,  restiti. 
spare,  parco,  ere,  peperci,  par- 

surus. 
trust,  c6nfid6,ere,  conflsus,  aemi- 

dep. 
young  man,  juvenis,  is,  m. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  The  Roman  people  did  not  reduce  to^  a  province 
those  tribes  which  it  had  s})ared.  2.  These  young  men 
obeyed  the  friend  who  had  favored  tliem.  3.  The  arms 
and  hostages  had  ah-eady  been  handed  over^  to  the  lieu- 
tenant who  was  in  command  of  these  troops.  4.  The 
Sequani  had  given  lands  and  money  to  Ariovistus. 
5.  We  placed  a  great  multitude  of  horsemen  around  the 
foot-soldiers.  6.  These  Roman  envoys  persuaded  the 
tribes  to  which  they  had  been  sent.  7.  We  saw  Sabinus, 
who  was  in  charge  of  the  winter  quarters  near  Vesontio. 
8.  You  will  spare  this  chieftain  and  his  sons.  9.  We  put 
Galba  in  charge  of  tliis  business.  10.  We  shall  bravely 
resist  those  tribes  whicli  bring^  war  upon  us.  11.  The 
commander  trusts  this  legion  on  account  of  (its)  valor. 
12.    I  favored  neitlier  you  nor  your  brother. 


20  TJie  Dative. 


Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  to :  use  in  with  tlic  ace. 

2.  handed  over  :    make  the  participle  agree  witli   the   nearei 


subject. 

3.   bring  upon  :  use  tlie  future  tense- 


LESSON   VII. 

THE   DATIVE  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Dative  of  Agency.     189.  1,  2;  A.  &  (i.  ;57i  ;   II.  l:]!. 

2.  Dative    of   Possession.     190    ami  1;  A.  &   (r.  873   and  a, 
H.  4:}(). 

3.  Dative  of  Purpose  or  Tendency.     191.  1,2;   A.  &  (J.  382  and 
1,2;  II.  433  and  3. 

4.  Dative  with  Adjectives.     192.  1,2;   A.  &  G.  383,  384  ;  II. 
434  and  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  omnes  cruciatiis  Sequanis  perferendi  sunt,  all  tortures  must 

he  endured  by  the  Sequani.     (1) 

2.  Caesari  omnia  uno  tempore  agenda  erant,  all  things  had  to  he 

done  hy  Caesar  at  one  time.      (1) 

3.  praeter  agri  solum  nobis  nihil  est,  except  the  sail  of  the  Ji eld, 

ire  liace  nothing,  lit.  nothing  is  to  us.     (2) 

4.  mihi  erit  perpetua  amicitia  tecum,  /  shall  have  everlasting 

friendship  loith  you.     (2) 

5.  dies  coUoquio  dictus  est,  a  day  I'-as  set  for  a  conference.     (3) 

6.  German!  auxilio  a  Belgis  arcessiti  sunt,   the  Gi-rmans  u:cre 

summoned,  hy  the  Belgians  for  aid.      (3) 

7.  iina  res  nostris  magno  usul  erat,  one  thing  vas  ef  great  advan- 

tage to  our  men.  lil.  to  our  men  for  great  advuitage.     (3) 

8.  quinque  cohortes  castris  praesidio  reliquit,  he  left  five  cohorts 

as  a  guard  for  tlie  cam}).      (3; 

9.  proximi  sunt  Germani.s.  they  are  )icxt  to  the  Germans.     (4) 
10.    maxime  plehi  acceptus  erat,  lie  vas  especially  acceptable  to 

the  common  people.      (4) 
21 


22 


The  Dative. 


Remarks. 

1.  Note  the  special  neuter  impersonal  use  of  tlie  second  peri- 
phrastic conjugation  in  connection  witli  tlie  Dative  of  Agency, 
e.g.  nobis  non  exspectandum  est,  ive  must  not  wait.,  lit.  it  must  not 
he  waited  by  us  ;  nSbis  resistendum  est,  we  must  resist. 

2.  The  chief  verbs,  besides  sum,  that  take  a  Dative  of  Purpose 
or  Tendency  are  :  relinquo,  deligo,  dico,  mitto,  venio. 

3.  Among  tlie  commoner  Datives  of  Purpose  or  Tendency  are; 
auxilio,  Usui,  impedimento,  praesidio,  subsidio. 


VOCABULARY. 


abode,  domicilium,  i,  ?i. 

army,  exercitus,  iis,  m. 

assistance,  auxilium,  i,  n. 

at  once,  statim. 

cavalry,  equitatus,  iis,  m. 

do,  facio,  ere,  feci,  factus. 

javelin,  pilum,  i,  7i. 

leave,  relinquo,  ere,  liqui,  lictus. 

protection,  praesidium,  i,  n. 


set,  appoint,  constituo,  ere,  ui, 

iitus. 
suitable,  idoneus,  a,  um. 
undertake,    suscipio,    ere,    cepi, 

ceptus. 
use,  iisus,  lis,  m. 
wait,  exspectS,  1. 
where,  ubi. 


EXERCISE. 

1,  Labienus  had  s'et  this  day  for  the  battle.  2.  The 
same  thing  must  be  done  by  all  the  Gauls  which  we  have 
done.  3.  We  have  no  place  ^  which  we  call  suitable  for 
an  abode.  r^4.  All  these  maritime  tribes  were  near  to  the 
places  where  Publius  Crassus  had  waged  war.  5.  He 
has  already  sent  one  cohort  as  (for)  assistance  to  us. 
6.  Courageous  soldiers  ought  to  be  praised  by  their 
leaders.  7.  These  soldiers  have  neither  javelins^  nor 
swords.  8.  This  embassy  must  be  undertaken  by  your 
two  sons.  9.  We  shall  order  Galba  to  leave  these  two 
legions  as  (for)  a  protection  to  the  camp.     10.   Our  ships 


The  Dative.  23 


Avere  nearest  to  tlie  sliore.  11.  AVe  must  not  wait,  but 
must  set  out  at  once.^  12.  I'he  caviiliy  of  the  llae- 
duans  was  of  (for)  great  use  to  the  Roman  army. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  have  no  place  ;  have  neither  javelins  :  see  Examples  3,  4. 

2.  See  Remark  1. 

The  Belg-ae  Conspire  against  Caesar. 
Caesar  liad  conquered  the  Helvetii  and  driven  Ariovis- 
tus  out  of  Gaul  across  the  Rhine  into  Germany.  He 
himself  was  in  Hither  Gaul,  where  he  heard  frequent 
rumors  concerning  the  i)lans  of  the  Belgians.  These 
feared  the  army  of  the  Roman  ])eople,  and  were  con- 
spiring and  giving  hostages  to  each  other. ^  Caesar  was 
alarmed  by  the  letters  and  messages  which  he  received 
and  enrolled  two  new  legions  in  Hither  Ciaul  and  sent 
Quintus  Pedius  (as)  lieutenant  with  these  into  Farther 
Gaul.  After  a  little-  he  set  out  himself  and  canre  to  the 
borders  of  the  Belgians  in  about  fifteen  days.' 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  to  each  other  :  inter  se. 

2.  fffter  a  little  :  paulo  post  (afterwards  by  a  little^. 

3.  in  about  fifteen  days:  use  the  simple  abl. 


LESSOi^  VIII. 

THE  GENITIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Genitive  of  Origin.     196. 

2.  Genitive  of  Possession.     198.  1,  3;  A.  &  G.  343  and  b\ 
H.  440.  1. 

3.  Subjective  Genitive.     199;  A.  &  G.  343.  N.  1 ;  H.  440.  1. 

4.  Objective  Genitive.     200;  A.  k  G.  347,  348;  H.  440.  2. 

5.  Genitive  of  the  Whole  ('Partitive  Genitive').     201  entire; 
A.  &  G.  346.  a.  1-3,  c,e;  H.  440.  5  and  X.,  441,  442,  443. 

6.  Genitive  of  Quality,    203. 1-5 ;  A.  &  G.  345.  a,b;K.  440.  3, 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  fnius  Galbae  regis,  the  son  of  King  Galba.     (1) 

2.  Haedu5rum  fines,  the  territory  of  the  Ilaeduans.     (2) 

3.  signa  decimae  legionis,  the  standards  of  the  tenth  legion.     (2) 

4.  Gallia  est  AriovistI,    Gard  belongs  to  Ariovistus,   lit.  is  of 

Ariovistus.     (2) 

5.  imperatoris  est  hoc  facere,  it  is  the  function  of  the  commander 

to  do  this,  lit.  is  of  the  commander.     (2) 
6     fuga  totius  exercitiis,  the  flight  of  the  entire  army.     (3) 

7.  eorum  clamor  fremitusque,  their  crying  and  shouting.     (3) 

8.  regni    cupiditate    inductus,    impelled   by   a  desire   of  regal 

poiver.     (4) 

9.  dom.u.va.rediiidms  STpea,  the  hope  of  retrir7iing  home.     (4) 

10.  Orgetorigis  filia  atque  iinus  e  filiis,  the  daughter  of  Orgetorix 

and  one  of  his  sons.     (1  and  5) 

11.  quinque   milia   passuum,  flve    miles,   lit.   five   thousands  of 

paces,     (5) 

24 


Tlie  Getiitive. 


25 


12.  castris  satis  praesidi  reliquit,  Jie  left  sufficient  guard  for  the 

camp,  lit.  suflicittU  of  guard.     (5) 

13.  quantum  auctoritatis  ?  quantum  temporis?  hoio  much  influ' 

ence  ?  how  much  time  ?     (5) 

14.  vir  magnae  auctoritatis,  a  man  of  great  influence.     (6) 

15.  cbnsilidi  e]nBm.o(\.\,  designs  of  that  sort.     (6) 

16.  miirus  in  altitudinem  sedecim  pedum,  a  ivall  sixteen  feet  high 

lit.  (f  si.cteen  feet  into  height.     (6) 

17.  auxili  causa, /ur  i/ie  s.xA'e  y/aA>('s?rtwc6'.     (2) 


Remark 

Causa  is  much  commoner  than  gratia  in  the  sense  :  on  account  of, 
for  the  sake  of. 

VOCABULARY. 


accomplish,    perficio,    ere,    feci, 

fectus. 
capture,  capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus. 
cut  to  pieces,  concido,  ere,  cidi, 

cisus. 
departure,  discessus,  iis,  m. 
distant,   be  distant,  absum,   ab- 

esse,  afui,  afuturus. 
enough,  satis,  indecl. 
greatly,  magnopere. 
hate,  odi,  odisse. 


kill,  occido.  ere,  cidi,  cisus. 
lose,  amitto,  ere,  misi,  missus. 
mile,  mille  passiis,  lit.  thousand 

paces  ;  plu.  milia  passuum. 
sake,  for  the  sake  of,  causa  (a/>/.) 

icithgen.;  the  gen.  alioays  pre 

cedes. 
terrify,  terreo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
thousand,  mille ;  plu.  milia. 
utter,  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
warlike,  bellicosus,  a,  um. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Orgetorix  wa.s  a  man  of  the  greatest  influence  among 
tlie  Helvetii,  but  he  liad  no  prudence.^  2.  Vty  the  de- 
parture of  the  Koiuau  horsciueu  tin;  harbariaiis  were  made 
more  eager.  '.'>.  lie  liad  already  accomplished  all  the 
things  for  the  sak(i  of  which  lu;  had  led  his  army  across 
the  lihiue  into  Germany.       4.    Trocillus  was  among  the 


26  Tlie  Genitwe. 


noblest  men  of  the  Gallic  rrovince.  5.  You  have  not 
sent  enough  assistance  ^  to  these  cohorts.  (5.  There  were 
two  daughters  of  this  chieftain,  of  whom  one  was  cafH 
tured,  the  other  (was)  killed.  7.  The  Usipetes  were 
greatly  terrified  by  the  sudden  arrival  of  the  Komans ; 
four  thousand  of  them  came  into  the  power  of  Caesar. 
8.  The  tribe  of  the  iSTervii  was  by  far  the  largest  and 
most  warlike  of  all  the  Belgians.  9.  The  River  Rhone 
was  five  miles  distant  from  this  town.  10.  You  see  the 
fury  of  all  those  who  hate  the  rule  of  the  Roman  people. 
11.  We  cut  to  pieces  three  thousand  Germans  who  had 
lost  all  hope  of  safety.  12.  Some  opinions  of  this  kind 
were  uttered. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  had  no  prudence  :  translate:  natlihuj  of  prudence  was  to  himu 

2,  enough  assistance :  see  Example  12. 
8,  from :  use  ab. 


LESSON   IX. 

THE   GENITIVE   {continue^. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Genitive  with  Adjectives.     204.  1-3 ;  A.  &  G.  349  and  a 
h,  385.  c  and  2  ;  II.  450,  451.  1,  2  and  N.  1,  3. 

2.  Genitive   with    meminl,    remimscor,    obhviscor.       206.    1,   2 ; 
A.  &  G.  350.  a,  b,  c,  d;  II.  451  and  1,  455. 

3.  Genitive   with   Verbs   of  Judicial   Action.     208.   1,  2,  a ; 
A.  &  G.  352  and  a,  353.  1 ;   II.  450  and  3,  4. 

4.  Genitive   with   Impersonal   Verbs.     209.  1;  A.  &  G,  354. 
h,  c  ;  II.  457. 

5.  Genitive  with  interest.     210;   211.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  355  and  a; 
H.  449.  1-4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Dumnorix  erat   cupidus  rei'um  novarum,  Dumnorix  loas  de- 

xiroiis  of  a  rcvnhUion,  lit.  ( if  new  Lhiiuj^.     (1) 

2.  agri   erant  plenissimi  friimentl,  the  fields  icere  very  full  of 

(jrain.     (1) 

3.  reminisceretur  pristinae  virtiitis  Helvetiorum,  let  him  rcmem 

her  the  pristine  v(dor  (f  the  llelvel.ii.     (2) 

4.  veteris  contumeliae  non  oblivlscitur,  lie  does  not  forget  the  old 

insidt.     (2) 

6.  Vercingetorix  proditionis  insimulatus  est,  Verein<jet(>rix  ican 

accused  (f  treason.     (3) 
fi.    summae  iniquitatis  condemnatur,  he  is  ronvirted  of  the  (jreatest 
injustice.     (3) 

7.  saepe  consilia  ineunt.  quorum  eos  paenitet.  thetj  (ffin  initiate 

plans  I'dn'rh  thei/  repent  o/,  lil.  if  inhi<-h  it  repents  them.    (4) 

8.  hoc    commiinis   saliitia    interest,    this    concerns   the    common 

safely.     (5) 

87 


28 


The   Genitive. 


yOCAB 

accuse,  insimulo,  1. 
blameless,  innocens,  entis. 
concerns,   it   concerns,   interest, 

esse,  fuit,  imp. 
confidence,  fiducia,  ae,  /. 
convict,  condemno,  1. 
custom,  consuetudo,  inis,  /. 
eager  for,  cupidus,  a,  um,  icithgen. 
entirely,  omuino. 
forget,  obliviscor,  i,  oblitus. 
full,  plenus,  a,  um. 
inexperienced   in,    imperitus,  a, 

um,  loith  gen. 


ULARY. 

military    science,    res    militarist 

rei  militaris.  /. 
opinion,  sententia,  ae,  /. 
present,  be  present,  adsum,  esse, 

adfui,  adfutiirus. 
remember,  reminiscor,  i. 
repent,  it  repents,  paenitet,  ere, 

uit,  imp. 
republic,   res  piiblica,   rei  pQb- 

licae,  /. 
versed   in,  peritus,  a,  um,  v:ith 

gen. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  The  Haedui  repented  of  their  fickleness  and  weak- 
ness. 2.  This  concerns  the  republic.  3.  Your  horse- 
men were  all  full  of  confidence  and  hope.  4.  I  shall 
never  forget,  comrades,  the  controversies  and  dissensions 
of  which  I  was  the  cause.  5.  These  barbarians,  in- 
experienced in  our  customs,  had  brought  war  on  the 
Eoman  people.  6.  We  remember  the  great  dangers 
which    you    undertook    for    the    sake    of    our    safety. 

7.  They  will  send  you  leaders  versed  in  military  science. 

8.  In  the  opinion^  of  all  who  were  present  you  had  been 
convicted  of  these  wrongs.  9.  These  tribes  were  eager 
for  horses  and  beasts  of  burden.  10.  You  were  entirely 
inexperienced  in  this  kind  of  battle.  11.  Those  men  who 
are  blameless  will  not  be  accused  of  avarice.  12.  They 
have  not  forgotten  the  many  wrongs  they  suffered. 

Suggestion  on  the  Exercise. 
1.   in  the  opinion :  use  the  simple  ablative. 


The  Genitive.  29 


The  Remi  alone  Offer  Aid  to  Caesar, 

Of  all  the  states  of  the  Belgians,  the  Remi  alone  had 
not  conspired  against  the  Roman  people.  But  all  the 
remaining  Belgae  were  in  arms,  and  had  even  summoned 
the  Germans  who  dwelt  this  side  the  Rhine.  These 
Belgians  had  in  ancient  days^  inhabited  Germany,  but 
they  had  been  led  across  the  Rhine  and  had  settled  on  ^ 
the  lands  of  the  Gauls  whom  they  had  driven  out.  They 
were  very  brave  and  had  kept  from  their  borders  the 
Cimbrians  and  Teutons,  who  once  had  ravaged  Gaul. 
There  were  many  Belgian  tribes  and  all  had  promised 
troops  for^  this  war. 

Sug'g'estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  in  ancient  days :  antiquitus  (adv.). 

2.  settle  on :  occupo,  1. 
8.  for:  ad- 


LESSON  X. 

THE  ABLATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative   of   Separation.     214  entire;    A.  &  G.  400,  401^ 
402.  a  ;  II.  462,  465. 

2.  Ablative  of  Source.     215  entire;  A.  &  G.  403.  a;  H,  467, 
469.  1,  2. 

3.  Ablative  of  Agent.      210  entire;  A.  &   G.   405;  H.  468 
and  1. 

4.  Ablative  of  Comparison.     217.  1-4;  A.  &  G.  406  and  a, 
407  andc;  11.471  and  1,  4. 

5.  Ablative  of  Means.     218;  A.  &  G.  409;  II.  476. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Caesar  XTbios  obsidione  liberavit,  Caesar  freed  the  JJhtl  from 

oppression.     (1) 

2.  murus  defensoribus  nudatus,  a  icall  stripped   of  its  defend- 

ers.    (1) 

3.  Caesar  proelio  abstinebat,  Caesar  refrained  from  battle.      (1) 

4.  principes    Britanniae     frumento     nostros     prohibebant,    the 

chieftains  of  Britain  kept  our  men  from  grain.     (1) 

5.  ex  castris  discedere  coeperunt,   they  began  to  vnthdravj  from 

camp.     (1) 
3-   vir  fortissiraus  araplissimo  genere  natus.  a  very  gallant  man 
born  of  a  very  noble  family.     (2) 

7.  loco    natus    honesto,    born    in    an  (lit.  from   an)    honorable 

station.     (2) 

8.  Belgae   erant   orti  ab   Germanis,  the    Belgae  loere   descended 

from  the  Germans.     (2) 

9.  haec  a  Caesare  geruntur,  these  things  were  doyie  by  Caesar.   C3) 

30 


TJie  Ablative,  31 


10.  de  his  rebus  per^  nuntios  certior  factus  est,  he  was  informed 

of  these  things  through  messengers. 

11.  hi  sunt  ceteris  humaniores,  these  are  more  civilized  than  the 

rest.     (4) 

12.  non  amplius  octingentos  equites  habuerunt,  they  did  not  have 

more  than  eight  hundred  cavalry.     (4) 

13.  magno  dolore  afficiebantur,  they  loere  afflicted  ivith  great  dis- 

tress.    (5) 

14.  eos  frumento  jiivit,  he  assisted  them  loith  grain.     (5) 

Note  on  the  Examples. 

1.  When  a  person  is  viewed  not  as  an  independent  agent,  but 
rather  as  one  tlirough  whose  instrumentahty  sonietliing  is  done, 
this  relation  is  expressed  by  per  witli  the  accusative^ 

VOCABULARY. 

l<eep  from,  prohibeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
oppress,  premo,  ere,  pressi,  pres- 

sus. 
pay,  pendo,  ere,  pependi. 
runaway  slave,  fugitivus,  i,  in. 
supplies,  commeatus,  iis,  m. 
tanip(ir  with,  soUicito,  1. 
withdraw,  decedo,  ere,  cessi,  ces- 

siirus. 


ancient,  antiquus,  a,  um. 
born,  be  born,  nascor,  i,  natus. 
cut    off,    intercludo,   ere,    cliisi, 

cliisus. 
dear,  carus,  a,  um. 
desist,  desisto,  ere,  destiti. 
fortify,  munio,  ire,  ivi,  itus. 
free,  verb,  libero,  1. 
hold,  regard,  habeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Caesar  hold  the  lives  '  ot  his  soldiers  dearer  than  liis 
own  safety.  2.  T!ie  IJsipetes  were  oppressed  in  war-  l)y 
the  Suebi  and  were  kept  fi'(jni  agriculture.  .'!.  I'he  Ilel- 
vetii  finally  desisted  IVoin  this  atteni[)t.  4.  'J'he  River 
Khone  was  not  more  than  live  miles  distant  from  tin; 
camp  of  Sabinus.  5.  Ariovistus  cut  ol'F  ( "aesar  froin 
grain  and  supplies.  <>.  All  withdi-ew  from  that  part  of 
*".he  village  which  had  been  granted  by  (ialbato  tlie  (iauls 


32  The  Ablative. 


7.  This  young  man  was  bom  of  a  most  ancient  family. 

8.  We    lost    less     than    seven     hundred     foot-soldiers. 

9.  They    fortified  this  place  with  a  wall   and  a   ditch. 

10.  The  Belgians   were  tampered  with  by   some  Gauls. 

11.  These  soldiers  had  already  fought  with  javelins  and 
swords  more  than  two  hours.  12.  This  circumstance 
was  announced  to  the  enemy  through  runaway  slaves 
of  Sabinus.  13.  By  our  help  you  were  freed  from  the 
tribute  Avhich  you  had  paid  to  the  Germans  (for)  three 
years. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  lives :  the  Latin  uses  the  sing,  in  such  cases. 

2.  in  war :  express  by  the  Ablative  of  Meu.^^ 


LESSON   XI. 

THE   ABLATIVE    {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative  with  the  Deponents,  utor,  fruor,  etc.     218.  1 ;  A 
&G.  410;  11.477.  1. 

2.  Ablative  with  frUus.     218.  3  ;  A.  &  G.  431.  o;  H.  476.  1. 

3.  Ablative  in  Special  Phrases.     218.7;   11.47(3.4. 

4.  Ablative  with  Verbs  of   Filling  and  Adjectives  of  Plenty. 
218.  8;  A.  &  G.  409.  a;   11.477.  IT. 

5.  Ablative   of   Way  by   Which.     218.  9;    A.  &  G.  429.  a; 
II.  476, 

6.  Ablative  of  Cause.     219  entire  ;  A.  &  G.  404  ;  IT.  475. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  German!  jiimentis  importatis   non  iituntur,  the  Germans  do 

nut  use  imported  horses.     (1) 

2.  iisi  sunt  eodem  rlnce,^  they  tised  the  same  man  as  leader.     (1) 

3.  hi   omnibus   commodis  fruuntur,  these   enjoy   all  advantages. 

(1) 

4.  eodem  ille  munere    fungebatur,  he  performed  the  same  duty. 

(1) 

5.  magno   pecoris   numerS   potitui",    he   secures  possessioii    of  a 

great  quantity  of  cattle.     (1) 

6.  tud,  amicitia  fretus  sum.  I  rely  on  your  friendship.     (2) 

7.  castris  se  tenuit,  he  kept  himself  in  camp.     (3) 

8.  proeli5    nostros    lacessere    coeperunt,    they    began    to   provoke 

our  rni-n  to  battle  or  ojfer  battle  to  our  men,  lit.  hai'ass  by 
battle.     (3) 

9.  equestri    proelio    cottidie  contendit,  he    contended   daily  in  a 

cavalry  battle.     (3) 


34 


Tlie  Ablative. 


10.  totum   montem   liominibus    compleri  jussit,    hp   ordered   the 

icJiole  moiDit'iiu  to  he  curerrd  icith  men.     (4) 

11.  frumentum  flumine  Arari  navibus  subvexerat,  he  browjht  itp 

the  {/rain  i>i  huats  Vdj  vay  of  the  Arar  lUnr.     (5) 

12.  levitate  animl  novis  imperils   student,   on  acroxint   <>f  their 

jicMenexs  of  di^puxition  the>j  desire  a  change  of  control 
(6) 

13.  rei  friimentai-iae  jussu  Caesaris  praeerat,  h>j  Caesar^s  order 

he  v:as  in  charge  of  the  grain  supply.     (6) 


Note  on  the  Examples. 

1.  Note  that  iitor  may  take  a  second  ablative  in  predicate  rela- 
tion to  the  first.  The  predicate  ablative  may  be  either  a  noun  or 
an  adjective. 

VOCABULARY. 


advance,  progredior.  i.  gressus. 
arrogantly,  insolenter. 
baggage,  impedimenta,  orum,  n., 

lit.  hindrances. 
boa.st,  glorior,  1. 
contend,    contendo,    ere.    tendl, 

tentum. 
fear,  noun,  timor.  oris,  ?«. 
fill,  fill   up,    compleo,    ere,    evi, 

etus. 


hurdle,  crates,  is.  / 

keep,  confine,  teneo,  ere,  ui. 

(offer)   offer   battle,   proelio   la- 

cesso,  ere,  cessivi,  cessitus,  lit. 

harass  in  battle, 
perform,  fungor.  I.  functus. 
(possession)      gain      possession, 

potior,  iri.  itus. 
why  ?  cur. 
\Yithin.  intra,  prep,  xcith  ace. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Why  did  these  men  boast  so  arrogantly  on  account 
of  their  victories?  2.  The  enemy  gained  possession  of 
all  our  arms  and  baggage.  3.  Who  enjoys  war  and 
plunder  ?  4.  All  tliese  tribes  use  the  same  language, 
laws,  and  ^  customs.  5.  The  Roman  soldiers  filled  up 
the  trenches  of  this  camp  with  stones  and  hurdles. 
6.  You  performed  the  duty  of  a  brave  soldier.  7.  Re- 
lying on  their  own  valor,  these  men  advanced  bravely 


The  Ablative.  35 


into  the  forests.  8.  The  Haedui  had  contended  in 
war  with  the  Sequani  more  than  five  years.  9.  On 
account  of  the  fear  of  the  Suebi  the  Ubii  kept  them- 
selves in  the  swamps.  10.  AYhy  did  tliese  five  hundred 
horsemen  offer   battle  to  two  thousand  of   the  enemy  ?. 

11.  The  arms  of  which  we  have  gained  possession  will 
be    carried    by    way  of   the   Rhone  Iliver    to  Vesontio. 

12.  On  account  of  tlieir  confidence  in  ^  the  place,  our 
soldiers  remained  within  their  fortifications. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  For  the  employment  of  conjunctions  in  enumerations,  see 
Lesson  IV,  Suggestion  1. 

2.  confidence  in  the  ph(Ci' :  the  Latin  says  :  confidence  of  the 
place. 

The  Two  Armies  Take  Positions. 

Caesar  encouraged  the  llemi  and  ordered  them  to  bring 
hostages  to  him.^  ^Feanwhile  all  the  forces  of  the  Belgians 
had  assembled  and  were  approaching  the  camp  of  the 
Romans,  as  Caesar  learned  from  the  scouts  whom  he  had 
sent  (out).  They  were  not  far  away  when  Caesar  pitched 
his  camp  near  the  River  Aisne,  wliich  was  between  the 
territory  of  the  Remi  and  the  Suessiones.  This  camp  he 
fortified  with  a  rampart^  and  a  ditch.  The  camp  of  the 
Belgian,='  was  less  than  two  miles  distant. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Use  tlie  reflexive. 

2.  rampart :  vallum,  i,  n. 


LESSON  XII. 

THE  ABLATIVE    {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative  of  Manner.     220   entire;    A.  &  G.  412  and  a; 
H.  47:3.  ;3  and  X. 

2.  Ablative  of  Attendant  Circumstance.     221. 

3.  Ablative  of  Accompaniment.     222;   A.  &  G.  413  and  a\ 
11.47:3.  1;  474.x.  1. 

4.  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference.     223,  A.  &  G.  414;  II. 
479;  cE.  B.  3.17.  1;  A.  &  G.  424./;  II.  488. 

5.  Ablative  of  Quality.    224;  A.&G.415;  II.  47:3.  2  and  N.  1 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  magna  fiducia  ad  nostras  naves  procedunt,  thejj  advance  vnth 

great  confidence  to  on?'  shi'i^s.     (1) 

2.  mSribus  suis  Orgetorigem  ex  vinculis  causam  dicere  coege- 

runt,  according  to  their  custonm  they  compelled  Orgetorix 
to  plead  his  cause  in  chains.     (1) 

3.  eos  longo  intervallo  sequebatur,  he  follotved  them  at  a  long 

interval.     (2) 

4.  silentio  egressus  est  cum  tribus  legionibus,  he  set  out  silently 

ivith  three  legions.     (3) 

5.  omnibus   copiis   ad    castra    Caesaris   contenderunt,    with    all 

their  forces  they  hurried  to  Caesaris  camp.     (3) 

6.  haec  gens  paucis  ante  mensibus  ad  Caesarem  legates  miserat, 

this  tribe  had  sent  envoys  to  Caesar  a  few  months  before.     (4) 

7.  bxduo  post,  tioo  days  afterwards.     (4) 

8.  carinae  aliquantd  planiores,  hulls  somev:hat flatter,     (4) 

9.  nondum  bono  animo  in  populum  Romanum  videbantur,  they 

did  not  yet  seem  of  good  disposition  towards  the  Boman 
people,     (5) 


'Hie  Ablative.  37 


10,  German!  erant  ingenti  magnitudine  corporum,  the  Germans 

icere  of  enormous  size  of  body.     (5) 

11,  vir  summa  auctoritate,  a  man  of  the  highest  authority.     (5) 

Remarks. 

1 ,  The  Ablative  of  ]\lanner  is  best  regarded  as  restricted  to  ab- 
stract words  such  as  celeritas,  dignitas,  lenitas,  prudentia,  etc. 

2.  The  Ablative  of  (Quality  primarily  designates  qualities  which 
are  more  or  less  transitory.  The  observation  sometimes  made  that 
the  genitive  denotes  internal  qualities,  and  the  ablative  external 
ones,  is  not  sufficiently  exact.  In  the  phrase  hortatur  ut  bono 
animo  sint,  he  urges  them  to  be  of  good  courage,  the  quality  is  in- 
ternal :  yet  the  genitive  could  not  here  be  used  ;  for  while  the 
quality  is  internal,  it  is  transitory.  The  theoretical  distinction  be- 
tween the  Genitive  of  Quality  and  the  Ablative  of  Quality  is  that 
the  genitive  denotes  permanent,  the  ablative  transitory,  qualities. 
Yet  where  ambiguity  would  not  result,  the  ablative  may  be  used  to 
denote  a  permanent  quality.  Thus  one  may  say  vir  summae  vir- 
tQtis  or  summa  virtiite,  a,  man  of  the  highest  character. 

In  all  numerical  designations  of  toeight,  dimension,  etc.,  the 
genitive  is  used. 

VOCABULARY. 

almost,  paene.  |  infantry,  as  adj.,  pedester,  tris, 


assemble,  i)itrans.,  convenid.  Ire, 

veni,  ventuni. 
boundless,  inflnltus,  a,  um. 
common  people,  plebs,  is,  /. 
disposition,  animus,  a,  m. 
extent,  magnitudo,  inis,  /. 
incredible,  incredibilis,  e. 


tre. 
later,  adj'.,  post. 
pains,  diligentia,  ae,  /. 
popularity,  gratia,  ae,  /. 
preserve,  conservo,  1. 
towards,  in,  prep,  icith  ace. 
war  chariot,  essedum,  I,  /u 


EXERCISE. 

1.   This  state  was  of  the  ^n'eatest  power  and  influence 

among   the   maritime   tribi.'s.        '2.    These    forces    which 

have  assembled  are  much  greater.       o.    They  made  this 

wall  ten.  feet  higher.       4.    Tliree  days*  later  we  crossed 


38  The  Ablative. 


the  valley  and  river  with  less  danger.  5.  ])umnorix 
was  of  the  greatest  boldness  and  of  great  popularity  among 
the  common  people.  6.  This  stream  is  of  incredible 
smoothness.  7.  A  few  years  before  they  were  of 
friendlier  disposition  toward  us.  8.  They  fortified  this 
camp  with  greater  pains.'  9.  In  accordance  with  his 
custom  Caesar  preserved  this  state.  10.  They  advanced 
with  their  cavalry  and  war  chariots.  11.  The  woods 
which  you  saw  are  of  almost  boundless  extent 
12.  These  men  had  advanced  a  little  farther^  for  the  sake 
of  water.  13.  He  hastened  to  the  camp  with  his  v.: 
fantry  forces. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  See  Lesson  Y,  Keniark  2. 

2.  pains  :  use  the  singular. 

3.  farther:  longius. 


LESSON   XIII. 

THE  ABLATIVE  (continued) 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative   of   Specification.      226   entire;    A.   &   G.  418; 
R.  480. 

2.  Ablative  Absolute.     227.  1,  2;  A.  &  G.  419  and  a,  420; 
H.  489  and  1. 

3.  Ablative  of  Place   Where.     228  entire;  A.  &  G.  426.  3, 
427.  3,  429.  1,  2 ;  H.  483;  485.  2. 

4.  Ablative  of  Place  from  Which.    229  entire ;  A.  &  G.  420.  1, 
i27.  1,  428.  a,  b ;  II.  461,  4(i2  and  3,  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.    fama.   nobiles    er-^.nt  potentesque  bell5,  they  were  eminent  in 

fame  and 2)oiverful  in  rear.    (1) 
'2.    equitatii  superior,  superior  in  cavalry.     (1) 
8.   Helvetii  reliquos  Gallos  yirtute  praecedunt,  the  Ilelvetii  sxir- 

pass  the  other  Gauls  in  valor.     (1) 
4.    M.  Messalla.  M.  Vlsbne  cbnunWhvLB^in  the  cmisulship  of  IMarcus 

MesfidUa    and    Jlarois    Fiso,    lit.   Marcus  Messalla    and 

Marcus  Plso  (hei)i(j)  consuls.      (2) 
6.   re   friimentaria   comparata   equitibusque  delectis  iter  facere 

coepit,  having   got   ready   grain  and  chosen  horsemen,  he 

began  to  march,  lit.  grain  having  been  got  ready,  etc.     (2) 

6.  Germanicd  bello  confecto,  having  romplefed  the  German  ivar, 

or,  v:hen  the  German  v:ar  had  In  en  ronvpleted.     (2) 

7.  totis  castris,  in  the  I'dtole  ram]);  omnibus  locis,  i)i  all  places ; 

in  Gallia,  in  Gaul.      (3) 

8.  multi  viri  fortes  Tolosa  et  Narbone  evocati  sunt,  many  brave 

men  were  summoned  from  Tolosa  and  Narbo.     (4) 
39 


40  The  Ablative. 


n.    expellitur  ex  oppido  Gergovia,  he  is  driven  out  of  the  toicn 
Gergovia.     (4) 

10.  a  Gergo-<ua  decessit,  he  u-ithdreic  from  the  neirihhnrhnod  of 

Gergovia.     (4) 

11.  ex  aedificiis  quae  habuerant  demigrarunt.  'hey  moved  02(t  ef 

the  hous) n  irJiirj/  (Ju'ij  liad  had.     (4) 

12.  iter  ab  Arari  avertit,   he  turned  his  course  aivay  from  the 

Arar.     (4) 

13.  uxorem  domo  secum  duxerat,  he  had  taken  his  i"ife  with  him 

from  home.     (4) 

Remark. 

1.  Observe  that  in  Latin  the  Ablative  Absolute  largely  occurs 
where  in  English  we  employ  subordinate  clauses.  Of  the  various 
kinds  of  clauses  thus  occurring,  temporal  clauses  introduced  by 
when  and  after  arc  by  far  the  most  frequent, 

VOCABULARY. 

achieve,  gero.  ere,  gessT,  gestus. '  message,  nuntius,  i,  m. 

break  out,  coorior,  iri,  coortus.        only,  tantum. 

citadel,  arx,  arcis,  /.  practice,  iisus,  us,  m. 

excel,  praestS,  are,  praestiti.  seamanship,  res  nauticae,  rerum 

flee,  fugio.  ere.  fiigi,  fugitiirus.         nauticarum,  /. 

knowledge,  scientia.  ae,  /.  (sides)  from  all  sides,  undique. 

march  forth,  egredior,  i,  egressus.  ;  subdue,  pacify,  paco,  !. 

EXERCISE. 

1.  In  Vesontio  there  was  a  high  hill  -which  niade  a 
citadel.  2,  The  Yeneti  surpass  the  remaining  maritime 
tribes  in  kno^vledge  and  practice  of  seamanship.  3.  The 
number  of  those  wdio  marched  forth  from  home  was^  ten 
thousand.  4.  When  hostages  had  been  given  and  peace 
had  been  made,'  Galba  settled  two  cohorts  among  the 
Xantuates  in  a  village  of  the  Yeragri  which  is  called 
Octodurus.  o.  There  was  a  town  of  the  Eemi,  Bibrax 
by  name.      6.   Only  two  states  sent  hostages  from  Britain 


The  Ablative.  41 


7.  In  the  consulship  of  Lucius  Domitius  and  Appius 
Claudius,  Caesar  withdrew  from  his  winter  quarters  into 
Italy.  8.  The  Eoraan  ships  excelled  in  speed  alone. ^ 
9.  A  sudden  war  broke  out  in  Britain.  10.  We  received 
these  messages  from  those  who  had  fled  from  the  vicinity 
of  Geneva.  11.  When  these  things  had  been  achieved 
and  all  Gaul  had  been  subdued,-  envoys  w^ere  sent  to 
Caesar  from  all  sides.  12.  Having  received  these  mes- 
sages/ we  set  out  from  Tolosa. 

Sug-gestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Use  a  plural  verb  to  agree  with  the  number  of  the  predicate 
noun. 

2.  Express  by  the  Ablative  Absohite. 

3.  Express  alone  by  unus  in  agreement. 

Defeat  of  the  Belg-ians. 

At  first  they  contended  in  a  cavalry  battle.  After  a 
few  hours,  the  barbarians  withdrew  and  Caesar  led  the 
Romans  back  to  camp.  Then  he  led  the  cavalry,  archers, 
and  slingers,  across  the  river  by  the  bridge,  and  hastened 
toward  a  ford,  where  he  found  the  enemy.  Our  soldiers 
attacked  and  killed  a  great  number  of  them  crossing  the 
river,  and  the  cavalry  surrounded  ^  and  slew  those  who 
had  already  crossed.  Finally  grain  began  to  fail  them, 
and  calling  a  council,-  they  decided  to  return  home. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  surround,  circumvenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus. 

2.  calling  a  roum-il :  express  by  tlie  Ablative  Absolute  ;  for  call, 
use  Vhe  compound,  convoco,  1. 


LESSON  xiy. 

THE  ABLATIVE    (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  The  Locative  Case.     232.  1,  2;  169.  i ;  A.  &  G.  427.  3  and 
a;  282.  d;  H.  483;  484.  1,  2;  483.  2. 

2.  Ablative  of  Time  at  Which.     230.  1-3 ;  A.  &  G.  423   and 
1 ;  H.  486. 

3.  Ablative  of  Time  within  Which.     231 ;  A.  &  G.  423,  424. 
a ;  H.  487  and  1. 

4.  Roman  Dates.     371,  372;  A.  &  G.  631  ;  II.  754;  75.5. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  reliqui  domi  remanent,  the  rest  remain  at  home.     (1) 

2.  hoc  proelium  Alesiae  factum  est,  this  battle   took  place  at 

Alesia.     (1) 
8.   sex  legiones  Agedinci  collocavit,  he  stationed  six  legions  at 
Agedinviim.     (1) 

4.  prima  liice  Considius  ad  eum  accurrit,  at  daybreak  Considiu& 

races  toicards  him.     (2) 

5.  hieme  naves  aedificavit,  he  built  ships  in  the  ivinter.     (2) 

6.  tecum  proximis  comitiis  controversiam  habuimus,  u'e  had  a 

quarrel  with  you  at  the  last  election.     (2) 

7.  eo  anno  in  Gallia  nullum,  friimentum  erat,  in  that  year  there 

icas  no  ivheat  in  Omd.     (2) 

8.  eorum  adventu  equos  Germanis  distribuit,  at  their  arrival  he 

distributed  horses  to  the  Germans.     (2) 

9.  bello  Cassiano  dux  fuerat,  he  had  been  leader  in  the  Cassian 

loar.     (2) 
10.    decern  diebus  omne  opus  efFectum  est,  xoithin  ten  days  the 
whole  icork  teas  ji)iished.     (3) 
42 


The  AUative.  43 


11.  Idibus  Aprilibus,  on  the  Ides  of  April.     (4) 

12.  is  dies  erat  ante  diem  quintum  Kalendas  Apriles,  that  dap 

was  March  28th.     (4) 


VOCABULARY. 


April,  of  April,  Aprllis,  e. 
arrive,  advenio,   ire,  veni,  ven- 

tum. 
break  (camp),  moveo,  ere,  movi, 

motus. 
few,  pauci,  ae,  a. 
happen,  fio,  fieri,  factus. 


learn,    coinperi5,    ire,   comperL 

compertus. 
memory,  memoria,  ae,  /. 
midnight,    media    nox,    mediae 

noctis,  /. 
ravage,  vexo,  1. 
silently,  silenti5,  adv. 


EXERCISE. 

..  1.  April  7th  we  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Geneva. 
2.  Having  learned  tliese  things,  the  Gauls  at  midnight 
silently  left  the  camp.  3.  Within  a  few  days  he  had  built 
a  bridge  and  had  led  his  army  across.  4.  These  things 
happened  at  Alesia  in  the  consulship  of  Cn.  Domitius  and 
jVLarcus  Cato.  5.  Within  the  memory  of  our  fathers 
these  tribes  had  ravaged  the  Province.  6.  There  were 
great  dissensions  at  Cenabum.  7.  At  Bibracte,  a  large 
town  of  the  Ilaedui,  there  was  at  this  time  neither  grain 
nor  water.  8.  We  set  out  for  Gaul  i\Iarch  31st.  9.  On 
March  1st  at  the  third  hour  we  broke  camp.  10.  Who 
of  you  was  at  home  that  day  ?  11.  On  the  same  night 
these  runaway  slaves  fled  from  the  vicinity  of  Cenabum. 
12.    We  shall  return  within  four  days.* 

Sug-gestion  on  the  Exercise, 
1.    See  Lesson  V,  Remark  2. 


LESSON   XV. 

SYNTAX  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

GRAMMATICAL    REFERENCES. 

1.  Adjectives   used    Substantively.     236-2:38 ;    A.   6c   G.  28& 
and  a,  b;  289.  a,  b ;   H.  491,  495. 

2.  Adjectives  with  the  Force  of  Adverbs.     239  ;  A.  &  G.  290 ; 
II.  497  and  1. 

3.  Special  Uses  of  the  Comparative  and  Superlative.     240. 
1-1;  A.  &  G.  291.  a,  h;  292;  II.  498,  499. 

4.  Adjectives  denoting  a  Special  Part  of  an  Object.     241.  1  ; 
A.  &  G.  293  ;  II.  497.  4. 

5.  Primus  =  yirsf  who;  ultimus  =  jasf  who;    etc.     241.  2;    A. 
&  G.  290;  II.  497.  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  oranes  cbn3eicva,vii,  he  preserved  all.     (1) 

2.  omnia  perdidimus,  lue  lost  all  things.^     (1) 

3.  bona  eorum  diripiunt,  they  plunder  their  goods.     (1) 

4.  Caesar    nostros    castrls    tenuit,     Caesar    kept    our    men    in 

camp.     (1) 

5.  tristes  terram  intuebantur,  they  gazed  sadly  at  the  ground. 

(2) 

6.  ftjus  auctoritas  fuit  amplissima,  his  influence  was  very  great. 

(3) 

7.  friimentum  angustius  provenerat,  the  grain  crop  had  turned 

out  rather  small,  lit.  smaller  (than  usual).     (3) 
8     summus  mons,  the  top  of  the  mountain.     (4) 
9.    ad   extremas  fossas   castella   constituit,    at   the   ends   of  the 

ditches  he  placed  redoubts.     (4) 
44 


Syntax  of  Adjectives. 


45 


10.  hi  primi  murum  aacenderunt,  these  climbed  the  roall  firat.     (5) 

11.  quam  maximis  itineribus,  vnth  as  hard  marches  as  possible. 

(3) 

Note  on  the  Examples. 

1.  In  other  cases  than  the  nominative  and  accusative  this  idea 
is  best  expressed  by  means  of  res,  e.g.  omnium  rerum,  of  all 
thinr/s;  omnibus  rebus,  by  all  things.  Omnium,  omnibus,  par- 
vorum,  parvis,  and  similar  forms  would  be  ambiguous  in  gender. 


call  together,  convoco,  1. 
(crowd),    in    crowds,    frequer.s, 

entis,  adj. 
(end),  at  end  of,  extremus,  a, 

um,  lit.  hist, 
fight,  pugno,  1. 
following,  posterus,  a,  um. 
(foot),    at    foot    of,    infimus    or 

imus,  superl.  o/inferus. 


VOCABULARY. 

glad,  laetus,  a,  um. 

massed   together,    confertus,    a, 

um. 
powerful,  potens,  entis. 
recount,  enumero,  1. 
scattered,  rarus,  a,  um. 
seem,  videor,  eri,  visus. 


EXERCISE. 

4.  The  forces  did  not  witlidraw  far  from  the  foot  of 
the  hill.  2.  He  built  as  many  ships  as  possible  at  the 
end  of  the  winter.  3.  All  Avho  were  present  at  that 
time  seemed  rather  fichle.  4.  The  remainder,  who 
heard  this  envoy,  learned  all  things.  5.  Having  called 
together  his  (adherents),  he  recounted  his  wrongs. 
5.  The  Germans  assend)led  in  crowds  at^  the  camp  on 
the  following  day.  7.  The  friends  whom  we  saw  at 
Geneva  were  very  powerful.  8.  They  marched  forth 
gladly  from  camp.  9.  You  came  first  to  this  village. 
]().  Our  men  were  not  hghiing  mass(;d  together,  but 
scattered.  11.  The  Uemi  handed  over  all  their  (prop- 
erty) to  the  Komans.       12.    A  few  of  ^  our  men  were  too 


46  Syntax  of  Adjectives. 


eager  aiui   (so)    were   killed   by  the   enemy.       13.    Tliia 
town  was  full  of  all  things^  wliicli  were  of  use*  for  war 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  at:  express  by  ad  with  tlie  ace. 

2.  of:  express  by  de  witli  abl. 

3.  all  things:  see  Note  on  tlie  Examples. 

4.  of  use  :  see  Lesson  VII,  Example  7. 

5.  fo7'  icar :  ad  bellum. 

The  Belgians  Disperse. 
On  that  night  the  whole  multitude  poured  forth  ^  from 
their  camp.  Caesar,  not  yet  having  learned^  the  cause 
for  ^  their  departure,  feared  treachery  *  and  remained  in 
camp,  but  on  the  following  day  he  placed  Quintus  Pedius 
and  Lucius  Cotta  (as)  lieutenants  in  charge  of  the  cav- 
alry and  sent  them  (on)  ahead.  Titus  Labienus  followed 
with  three  legions.  The  llomans  pursued  the  enemy 
many  miles  and,  having  slain  a  large  multitude  of  them 
without  any  danger,  returned  to  camp.  jMore  than  five 
thousand  Belgians  perished  on  that  day. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  pour  forth:  se  eicere  (eicio,  ere,  ejecl.  ejectus). 

2.  having  learned :  use  the  Ablative  Absolute. 

3.  for  :  translate  :  of. 

4.  treachery :  insidiae,  arum,  /. 

REVIEW. 

1.  They  refused  no  danger  for  the  sake  of  (their) 
common  freedom.  2.  When  an  oath  had  been  given 
by  all  who  were  present  at^  this  council,  we  withdrew. 
3    They  slew  Gains  Fufius.  a  Koman  knight,  who  by 


Syntax  of  Adjectives.  Ail 

Caesar's  order  "was  in  cliarge  of  the  grain  supply 
4.  Yercingetorix  was  of  tlie  greatest  influence  among 
the  Arverni.  5.  They  tarried  here  a  few  days,  and 
then  returned  home.  6.  Two  days  before,  we  came 
to  Bibracte,  a  very  large  town.^  7.  We  know  no  one 
braver  than  Baculus.  8.  This  wall  was  twenty  f3et 
high  and  eight  feet  thick.  9.  The  Haedui  sent  iorces 
of  cavalry  and  infantry  as  help^  to  the  Bituriges 
10.  All  the  villages  and  buildings  which  each  one  had 
caught  sight  of*  were  set  on  Are.  11.  They  inflicted 
punishment  on  this  man  according  to  the  custom''  of 
(their)  ancestors.  12.  Two  thousand  horsemen  were 
gathered  by  the  Sugambri,  who  are  nearest  to  the  Rhine 
of  all  the  Germans. 

Sug-g-estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  at:  use  in  with  the  alth 

2.  Use  the  prep,  ad  with  the  appositional  phrase. 

3.  as  help  :  see  Lesson  VII,  Example  G. 

4.  catch  sight  of:  conspicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus. 

5.  according  to  the  custom  :  see  Lesson  XII,  Example  2. 


LESSON  XVI. 

PRONOUNS. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Personal  Pronouns.    242. 1,  2,  4;  A.  &  G.  295.  a,  6;  H.  500 
and  4. 

2.  Reflexive  Pronouns.      244  entire,  A.  &  G.  299  and  a,  300. 
1,  2,  301.  a,  b  ;  11.  503  and  3,  4;  504. 

3.  Reciprocal  Pronouns.     245;  A.  &  G.  301./;  II.  502.  1. 

4.  Hie,  lUe,  Iste.     240.  1-5  :  A.  &  G.  297.  a-c  ;  296.  a;  H.  505 
and  1 ;  506.  1 ;  507  and  3,  4. 

5.  Is.     247.  1-4;  A.  &  G.     297.  d;  H.  508  and  1,  2,  4. 

6.  idem.     248.  1,  2  ;  A.  &  G.  298.  b;  384.  X.  2  ;  H.  508.  3,  5. 

7.  Ipse.     249.  1,  2 ;  A.  &  G.  298.  c  and  X.  1,/;  H.  509.  1,  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  tanta  contemptione  nostri,  with  so  great  scorn  for  us.     (1) 

2.  omnium  vestrum  consensu,  by  the  agreement  of  all  of  you.     (1) 

3.  sese  defendunt,  they  defend  themselves.     (2) 

4.  differunt  hae  nationes  inter  se,  these  nations  differ  from  each 

other,  lit,  beti-jeen  themselves  (reciprocal  use).     (3) 

5.  petebant  uti  Caesar  sihi''- ■poieat&tem.fa.ceret,  they  begged  that 

Caesar  ivould  give  them  the  opportunity.     (2) 

6.  hi  rursus  in  armis  sunt,  illi  domi  remanent,  the  latter  are  in 

turn  under  arms,  the  former  remain  at  home.     (4) 

7.  haec   si  acerba   videntur,  multo  graviora   ilia  sunt,   if  these 

last  things  seem  harsh,  (yet)   those  former  ones  are  much 
worse.     (4) 

8.  ejus  belli  haec  fuit  causa,  the  following  was  the  cause  ©/ 

thaf  war.     (4) 

48 


Pronouns. 


49 


9  in  exercitu  Sullae  et  postea  in  M.  Crassi  fuerat,  he  had  l>een 
in  llip  arm;/  af  Sulla,  and  aftPnrards  in  that  of  Marcui 
Crasaus.     (5) 

10.  legionem  neque  earn  plenissimam  despiciebant,  they  d''^-":ised 

the  li'/jiiiii,  and  that  not  a  rer>j  full  one.     (5) 

11.  ejus    adventu,    eorum    adventu ;    by    his  arrival,    by   their 

arrival.     (5) 

12.  id  quod  accidit   suspicabatur,  he  v:as  suspecting  that  which 

hajipened.      (5) 

13.  eadem  opinio  quam  reliquae  gentes  habent,  the  same  opinion 

as  tlie  remaining  tribes  have.     (6) 

14.  ips5   terrors   equorum   ordines   perturbantur,  the  raiiks  are 

thrown  into  confusion  by  the  very  terror  inspired  by  the 
horses.     (7) 

15.  Ipse  erat  Dumnorix,  Dumnorix  icas  the  very  man.     (7) 

Note  on  the  Examples. 
1.   TLts  Ulustrates  the  indirect  reflexive. 


VOCABULARY. 


against,  in,  prej).  with  ace. 
confer  (with),  colloquor,  i,  locii- 

tus. 
defend,  defendc,  ere,  fendi,  fen- 

sus. 
former  (latter),  ille,  a,  ud. 

go.  e5,  ire,  ivi,  itum. 
good,  bonus,  a,  um. 


latter,  of  two  already  mentioned, 

liic,  haec,  hoc. 
(lend),  be  lent,  be  added,  accedo, 

ere,  access!,  accessiirus. 
protect,  protego,  ere,  texi,  tectus. 
route,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
shield,  sciitum,  i,  n. 
summit  of,  summus,  a,  um. 
support,  noun,  subsidium,  i,  n. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Two  legions  were  now  figliting  on  the  very  batik  of 
the  river.  2.  Three  coliorts,  and  those  the  best  of  the 
tenth  higion,  wore  sent  as  a  snpi)ort^  to  these.  3.  l>y 
their  arrival   hope  w^as  lent  to  our  men.       4.    Tituritis 


50  Pronouns. 

hastened  to  the  hridt^^o  by  the  same  route  as  the  enemy 
had  gone.'  o.  He  used  the  following  words.  6.  We 
shall  always  bravely  defend  ourselves  and  our  posses- 
sions. 7.  The  town  itself  was  on  the  summit  of  the 
hill.  8.  Of  these  two  soldiers,  tliey  protect-ed  the  for- 
mer with  their  shields;  against  the  latter  they  hurled 
their  javelins.  9.  They  withdrew  on  account  of  fear 
of  you.  10.  On  that  very  day  I  saw  what  ^  you  now 
see.  11.  These  chieftains  conferred  together.*  12.  AYe 
did  this  for  the  sake  of  your  safety  and  that  of  all  of  us.* 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  See  Lesson  YII,  Examples  6,  7,  8. 

2.  as  the  enemy  had  gone :  translate:   by  ichich  the  enemy  had 
gone. 

3.  what:  translate:  that  which. 

4.  together:  translate:  between  themselves^ 
6.   See  Example  2. 


LESSON  XVII. 

PRONOUNS  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Quis  (Indefiiiite).     252. 1 ;  A.  &  G.  310  and  a  ;  H.  512  and  1 

2.  Aliquis.     252.  2;  A.  &  G.  311;  II.  512. 

3.  Quldam.     252.  3  and  a;  A.  &  G.  310;  II.  512.  6. 

4.  Quisquam.     252.  4;  A.  &  G.  312;  11.  513. 

5.  Quisque.     252.  5;  A.  &  G.  313  and  o;  II.  515. 

6.  Alius,  Alter.    253.  1-3 ;  A.  &  G.  315  and  c;  H.  516  and  1. 

7.  Ceteri.     253.  4;  A.  &  G.  315. 

8.  ReliquL     253.  5 ;  A.  &  G.  315. 

9.  Uterque.    355.  2  j  A.  &  G.  313 ;  H.  516.  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  si  quid  animi  in  nobis  est,  if  there  is  any  courage  in  ns.     (1) 

2.  hostes  ubi  aliquos  ex  navl  egredientes  conspexerant.  adorie- 

bantur,    lohen  the   enemy    had   seen  some    disemharking, 
they  attacked  them.     (2) 
8,   cum  quibusdam  adulescentibus  colloquitur,  he  converses  with 
certain  young  men.     (3) 

4.  quidam  ex  his  nocte  ad  Nervios  ])erYenex\x.ni.  certain  of  these 

cane  to  the  Xervii  by  niijht.     (3) 

5.  neque   vestitiis  praeter  pelles  habent  quicquam,  nor  do  they 

have  any  clothing  except  skins.     (4) 

6.  neque  quisquam  loco  cessit,  nor  did  any  one  xcithdrav^  from 

his  post.      (4r) 

7.  sibi  quisque  consulebat,  earh    one   toas  looking  out  for  him" 

self.     (5) 

SI 


52  Pronouns. 

8.  alii  vallum  scindere,  alii  fossas  complere  inceperunt,  .svntte 

began  to  tear  duv:ii  the  rampart,  others  to  fill  the  trenches. 
(6) 

9.  legiones  aliae  alia  in  parte  hostibus  restiterunt,  the  legions 

some  in  one  quarter,  others  in  another  resisted  the  enemy, 
(6) 

10.  alterius  factionis  principes  erant  Haedui,  alterius  Sequani, 

('/  the  one  faction,  the  Haedui  v:ere  leaders,  of  the  other 
the  Sequani.     (6) 

11.  ceteros  amicos  populi  R5mani  defendemus,  v:e  shall  defend  the 

other  friends  of  the  liomaii  people.     (7) 

12.  reliquum  exercitum  Sabino  dedit,  he  gave  the  rest  of  the  army 

to  Sahinus.     (8) 

13.  suas  uterque  copias  instruxit,  each  drexu  tip  his  forces.     (9) 

14.  utrumque  orant,  they  entreat  both,  or  each.     (9) 

Remark. 

1.  Note  that  in  Latin  the  singular  of  uterque  is  regularly  used 
where  in  Englisli  we  say  both,  if  the  reference  is  to  two  individuals, 
as  utrumque  vidi.  When  the  reference  is  to  two  groups  the  plural 
is  used. 

VOCABULARY. 

al)andon,desero,  ere,  serui.sertus. '  mountain,  mons,  mentis,  m. 
betake  oneself,  recipio,  ere,  cepi,  |  rashly,  temere. 

ceptus,  icith  the  reflexive. 
council,  concilium,  i,  n. 
crowd,  multitiido,  inis,  /. 
fiercely,  acriter. 
lead  on,  impel,  indiico,  ere,  diixi, 

ductus. 


rise   up,  consurgo,   ere,   surrexi, 

surrectum. 
speak,  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
take  possession,  occupo,  1. 


EXERCISE. 


1.  The  Menapii  had  fiekls  and  buildings  on'  each  bank 
of  the  river.  2.  Both  (sides)  fought  fiercely.  3.  Wlien 
any  one  speaks  in  the  council,  the  rest  rise  up.       4    The 


Pronouns.  53 

remainder  of  the  crowd  of  children  and  women  fled  in^ 
all  directions.  5.  The  one  general  was  forty  miles  dis- 
tant, the  other  a  little  more.^  6.  The  one  (party)  betook 
themselves  to  the  mountain,  the  other  to  their  baggage. 

7.  The  tenth  legion  took  possession  of   a  certain  hill, 

8.  Some  are  led  on  by  avarice,  others  by  desire  for 
poAver.  9.  Toil  took  possession  of  one  hill,  we  of 
another.  10.  Tlie  IJritons  had  surrounded  the  rest  with 
their  cavalry  and  war  chariots.  11.  The  remainder 
betook  themselves  home.      12.   Each  held  his  own*  place. 

13.  ^yhy  does    any  one  so   rashly  abandon    his   duty  ? 

14.  Both  (persons)  are  present. 

Suggestions  on  tha  Exercise. 

1.  on :  use  ad. 

2.  in:  translate:  into. 

3.  a  little  more  :  translate  :  more  by  a  little. 

4.  Note  that  when  suus  and  quisque  are  combined,  suus  precedes 

Submission  of  the  Suessiones  and  Bellovaci. 

On  the  following  day  Caesar  advanced  more  than 
twenty-seven  miles  by  forced'  inarches  to  Noviodunum, 
the  largest  town-  of  the  Suessiones,  and  at  once  attempted 
to  take  it  by  storm.  But  the  wall  was  very  higli  and 
the  town  was  surrounded  ^  by  a  deep  ditch.  The  Romans 
therefore  desisted  from  this  attempt  aiid  were  assaulting 
the  town,  when  the  Gauls  asked  (for)  peace,  and,  on  the  peti- 
tion of  the  Kemi,*  secured  tlieir  request.  1  faving  received 
tlie  Suessiones'  in  surrender,*'  he  tlicn  led  liis  army  against 
the  liellovaci,  who  were  at  J^>ratuspaiitiiuii.  Tliest;  also 
soon  surrendered  themselves  to  Caesar. 


54  Pronouns. 


Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  forced:  translate;   as  (jrcat  as  possible;  see   Lesson   XV, 
Exaiiipit;  11. 

2.  the  largest  town  :  see  Review,  p.  47,  Sentence  6. 

3.  surrounded :  cinctus,  a,  um. 

4.  on  the  petition  of  the  Itemi :  translate  by  the  Ablative  Absohite, 
-the  Bemi  requesting  (it). 

it.    having  received  the  Snessiones :    translate  b}^  the   Ablative 
Absolr.te, 

6     in  surrender  :  translate  •  into  surrender 


LESSON   XVIII. 

TENSES   OF  THE  INDICATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  The  Present.     259.  1-1;    A.  &  G.  405,  466,  467,  469;   11 
5o2  and  1,  2,  o  ;  5:Jo.  1 ;  5'o0. 

2.  The  Imperfect.     260.1-4;    A.  &  G.  470,  471.  a-c ;    H.  534 
and  1,  2,  o  ;  5-j5.  1  ;  5:50. 

3.  The  Future.     261.  ],  2;  A.  &  G.  472  and  6;  II.  536. 

4.  The  Perfect.     262.  A  and  B;  A.  &  G.  473,  476;  11.  537. 
1,2;  538.4. 

5.  The  Pluperfect.     263  and  a;  A.  &  G.  477;  H.  539. 

6.  The  Future  Perfect.     261:  and  a.  b;  A.  &  G.  478;  11.  510 
and  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  fere  libenter  homines  id  quod  volunt  credunt,  men  generallu 

believe  what  they  vish.      (1) 

2.  Caesar  Haeduis  ubsides  imperat,  Caesar  demands  hostages  of 

the  llnednaiis.     (1) 

3.  jam     riimores    adferebantur,     alremhj     rumors     vere     being 

brouglit.     (2) 

4.  crebras    excursiones    faciebant,    they   kept    making   frequent 

sallies.     (2) 

5.  hostes   nostros   intra  munitiones    progredi    prohibebant,    the 

enemy  tried  to  prevent  our  men  from  advancing  v:ithi)i  the 
fortijleations.     (2) 

6.  se  in  currus  recipere  consuerunt,  thiy  are  tpont  (lit.  have  ac 

customed  themselves)  to  return  to  the  chariots.     (4) 

7.  Haeduos    appropinquare    cognoverant,    they    knevj    that    the 

Uai'dui  'were  ap]jroachi)i'j      C5^. 


66  Tenses  of  the  Indicative. 


VOCABULARV 

body,  corpus,  corporis,  n.  I  know.  T  know,  perf.  o/cognosca 


develop,  nourish,  alo,  ere,  alui, 

altus  or  alitus. 
dismount,    desilio,   ire,   silui   or 

silii,  sultum. 
enormous,  immanis,  e. 
fact,  res,  rei,  /. 
,'famiiiar),    am     familiar    with, 

perf.   of  cognosce,   ere,  n5vi, 

nitus,  trans. 
harbor,  portus,  us,  m. 


ere,  novi,  nitus. 
procure,  paro,  1. 
rouse,  soUicito,  1. 
sail,  verh,  navig5,  1. 
size,  magnitiido,  inis, /, 
strengtli,  vires,  ium,  /. 
suspect,  suspicor,  1. 
visit,  adeo.  ire,  ii,  itus. 
(wont),  am  wont,  perf.  of  con- 

suesco,  ere,  suevi.  suetum. 


EXERCISE. 
1.  The  Helvetii  are  wont  to  receive  hostages,  not  to 
give  them.  2.  We  did  not  yet  know  your  plans,  but 
were  suspecting  them.  3.  This  fact  develops  their 
strength  and  makes  men  of  enormous  size  of  body.* 
4.  Meanwhile  ships  of  war  were  being  built,  weapons 
were  being  procured,  and^  the  Jieighboring  tribes  were 
being  roused.  5.  The  Britons  used  to  dismount  from 
their  war  chariots  and  to  fight  on  foot.®  6.  We  shall 
soon  know  all  the  things  which  he  has  heard.  7.  The 
Yeneti  were  wont  to  sail  with  their  ships'*  to  Britain. 
8.  They  kept  hurling  stones  and  javelins  from  the  wall 
against  our  men.  9.  I  have  visite^^  this  island  and  am 
familiar  with  its  shore  and  harbors.  iO.  The  barbarians 
were  trying  to  surround  our  camp 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  hody :  use  tire  plural. 

2.  and:  see  Lesson  lY,  Suggestion  1. 

8.    on  foot :  use  the  simple  ablative,  in  tlie  plural, 

4.   with  their  ships :  use  the  simple  ablative  (of  Means)- 


LEssox  xrx. 

PURPOSE   CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL     REFERENCES. 

1.  Purpose  Clauses  with  ut,  ne,  quo.     282.  1.  a-e ;  A    &  G, 
631.  1  and  a;   II.  568  and  7. 

2.  Relative  Clauses  of  Purpose.     282.  2;  A.  &  G.  531.  2;  H. 
590. 

3.  Relative   Clauses   with  dignus,  indignus,   idoneus.      282.  3 ; 
A.  &  G.  535.  ,y  ;  il.  501.  7. 

4.  Sequence  of  Tenses.     207.  1-3  ;  2G8.  1,  3  ;  A.  &  G.  482. 
1,  2;  483;  485.  a,  e\  11.  513-510. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  legates  ad  Dumnorlgem  mittunt  ut  a  Sequanis  impetrarent,! 

tlicy  i>('nt  e.nvdijs  to  Duuinoric  in  order  that  they  might  ob- 
tain their  request  /rem  the  Se'jxani.     (1) 

2.  jubet  portas  claudi.  ne    castra  niidentur,-  he  orders  the  gates 

to  be  closed  in  oriler  that  the  camp  may  not  be  exposed.     (1) 

3.  portas   clausit,    ne    nuam   oppidani   injiiriam    acciperent.    he 

closed  the  gates  that  the  tov3nspee)ple  might  not  receive  ayiy 
injnry.     (1) 

4.  quo  paratiSres    essent    ad   insequendum,    in    order  that  they 

might  he  more  prepared  for  pursuing.     (1) 

5.  equitatum    oranem   praemittit  qui  videant,-  he  sends  forward 

all  the  cavalry  to  sec     (2) 
6     hunc    idoneum    jiidicavit    quern    ad   Ponipeiuni    mitteret,  hi 
judged  him  suitabh'  to  send  to  l'omji>y.     (3) 

Notes  on  the  Examples 

1.  Note  the  secondary  .scMiucncc;  after  the  historical  present. 

2.  Note  the  primary  seciuence  after  the  historical  present. 

67 


58 


Purpose   Clauses. 


Remark. 

Note  that  the  Latin  uses  ne  quis,  in  order  that  no  one;  ne  quid, 
171  order  that  nothing  ;  ne  uUus,  ne  qui,  in  order  that  no  ;  similarly, 
neusquam,  in  order  that  nowhere;  ne  unquam,  in  order  that  never. 


VOCAB 

ambassador,  legatus,  i,  rn. 
attack,  impetus,  iis,  m. 
bar,  obstruo.  ere,  striixi,  striictus. 
before,  in  front  of,  pro,  prep.  v:ith 

the  abl. 
beg  for,  oro,  1,  trans. 
better,  adv.,  melius 
block,     intercliido,     ere,     cliisi, 

cliisus. 
burn,  combiiro,  ere,  bussi,  biistus. 
easily,  facile. 


ULARY. 

occur,  fio,  fieri,  faclus. 
return,  noun,  reditus,  iis,  m. 
road,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
send  ahead,  praemitto,  ere,  misi, 

missus. 
station,  colloco,  1. 
suitable,  idoneus,  a,  um. 
take  away,   tollo,   ere,   sustuli, 

sublatus. 
withstand,     sustineo,     ere,     lu, 

tentus. 


EXERCISE. 

1=  lie  stationed  the  legions  before  the  camp,  in  order 
that  no  sudden  attack  might  occur.  2.  They  sent  en- 
voys to  ask  help,  in  order  that  they  might  more  easily 
withstand  the  attack  of  the  enemy.  3.  In  order  that  no 
one  might  block  the  roads,  he  sent  men  to  guard  them. 

4.  They  send   ambassadors   to   him   to   beg   for   peace. 

5.  He  set  out  for  Aquitania,  in  order  that  help  might  not 
be  sent  from  these  districts  into  Gaul.  6.  They  burned 
all  their  grain  in  order  that  all  hope  of  a  return  might  be 
taken  away.  7.  He  sent  Crassus  ahead  to  choose  a 
suitable  place  for  a  camp.  8.  There  was  no  one  suitable 
to  be  put  in  charge  of  the  winter  qiuirters.  9.  He  fled 
that  he  might  not  be  captured.  10.  Pompey  barred  the 
gates  that  he  might  better  withstand  the  attack  of  Caesar. 


Purpose  Clauses.  59 

11.    Caesar  made  a  bridge  across  tlie  Ehiiie^  in  order  to 
terrify  the  Germans. 

Suggestion  on  ttie  Exercise. 

1.    across  the  Rhine  :  the  Latin  says,  in  the  lihine. 

Caesar  Extends  Clemency  to  the  Bellovaci. 

In  order  that  Caesar  might  not  inflict  punishment  on 
the  Bellovaci,  but  might  exercise  his  (usual)  clemency 
towards  them,  Divitiacus,  the  Haeduan,  spoke  in  their 
behalf.^  For  the  Bellovaci  had  always  been  friends  of 
the  Haedui,  and  had  revolted  and  waged  war  against  the 
Eomans  not  of  tlieir  own  accord,^  but  impelled  by  their 
chieftains,  who  had  now  fled  to  P)ritain.  Caesar,  there- 
fore, in  order  to  increase  the  influence^  of  the  Ilaedul 
among  all  the  Belgians,  received  the  liellovaci  under  his 
protection  ■•  and  spared  them,  but  in  order  that  they  might 
not  again  revolt,  he  demanded  six  hundred  hostages. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  in  their  behalf:  translate:  for  (pro)  the^n. 

2.  of  their  ovm  accord :  sua  sponte. 

3.  increase:  amplifies,  1. 

4.  under  his  protection :  in  fidem. 


LESSON   XX. 

CLAUSES   OF   CHARACTERISTIC.     CLAUSES  OF  RESULT. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES, 

1.  Simple  Clauses  of  Characteristic,  283.  1,  2 ;  A.  &  G.  535 
and  a,  h ;  II.  501.  1,  5. 

2.  Clauses  of  Characteristic  introduced  by  qu'in.  283.  4  ;  A.  & 
G.  559.  2;  H.  594.  II.  2,  end;  595.  4. 

3.  Clauses  of  Result  introduced  by  ut  and  ut  non.  28 1.  1 ; 
A.  &  G.  537  and  1 ;  II.  570.  —  For  Sequence  of  Tenses  in  Result 
Clauses,  see  268.  6  ;  A.  &  G.  485.  c  ;  II.  550. 

4.  Result  Clauses  introduced  by  quin.  284.  3  ;  A.  &  G.  559,  1 ; 
11.  594.  11. 

EXAMPLES, 

1.  reperti  compliires  nostri  milites  qui  in  phalangem  insilirent, 

very  many  of  our  soldiers  icere  found  icho  leaped  into  the 
phalanx.     (1) 

2.  neque  adhuc  repertus  est  quisquam  qui  mortem  recusaret,  nor 

as  yet  has  any  one  been  foimd  v:ho  refused  death.     (1) 

3.  niilla  fuit  civitas  quin  legates  mitteret,   there  loas  no  state 

ifhich  did  not  send  envoys.     (2) 

4.  nemo  fuit  quin  vulneraretur,  there  was  no  one  who  v:as  not 

wounded.     (2) 

5.  tantus  timor  omnem  exercitum  occupavit,  ut  omnium  mentes 

perturbaret,  so  great  fear  seized  the  whole  army  that  it 
unsettled  the  minds  of  all.     (3) 

6  multis  vulneribus  confectus   est,  ut  se  sustinere  non  posset, 

he  was  exhausted  by  many  icounds,  so  that  he  could  7io 
longer  hold  out.     (3) 

7  nemo  est  tam  fortis  quin  rei  novitate  perturbetur,  no  07ie  is 

so  steadfast  as  not  to  be  confused  by  a  strange  occurrence. 
lit.  by  the  strangeness  of  an  occurrence.     (4) 
60 


Clauses  of  Characteristic.  61 


VOCABULARY. 

arise,  spring  up,  coorior,  iri,  coor-  \  charioteer,  auriga,  ae,  m. 

tus.  I  drive  back,  repello,  ere,  reppuli, 

borders,  fines,  ium,  ??i.,  lit.  ends.  I      repulsus. 
bring  about,  faciq^  ere,  feci,  fac-    equal,  adaequo,  1. 

tus  ;    be    brougnt   about,    fio,    only,  solus,  a,  um. 

fieri,  factus.  report,  fama,  ae,  /. 

convey,  perfero,  ferre,  tuli.  latus.    retreat,  receptus,  tis,  m. 
change,  commiitatio,  onis.  /.  throw,  jacio,  ere,  jeci,  jactus. 

EXERCISE. 

1.  There  is  no  lionor  wliicli  he  does  not  seek. 
2.  There  was  no  one  in  this  "whole  cohort  who  was  not 
captured  by  the  eneni}'.  3  So  great  a  storm  arose 
that  very  many  of  Caesar's  ships  ^  were  lost.  4,  The 
charioteers  so  station  the  war  chariots  that  they  have 
an  easy  retreat  to  their  (friends).  o.  There  was  no 
one  left  wlio  sui'])ass('d  him  in  steadfastness.  6.  By 
the  arrival  of  these  so  great  a  change  of  affairs  was 
brought  about  that  our  men  renewed  the  battle.  7.  So 
many  wea})ons  were  thrown  into  the  ditch  that  the 
heaps  of  them  almost  equalled  the  height  of  the  wall. 

8.  There  is  no  one  who  does  not  know  all  these  things. 

9.  These  were  the  only  (ones)  who  in  the  memory  of 
our  fathers  kept  the  Cimbrians  and  Teutons  away  from 
their  borders,  10.  The  report  of  this  victory  was  con- 
veyed with  incredible  swiftness,  so  that  it  arrived  at' 
the  camp  before  midnight.  11.  Our  men  fought  so 
bravely  that  they  drove  back  the  enemy  into  the  forests. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  vprn  many  af  Caet'ar''s  ships:  translate:  very  many  ships  oj 
C^aesar. 

2.  at :  translate  ;  to. 


LESSON   XXI. 

CAUSAL  CLAUSES.    TEMPORAL  CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Causal  Clauses.     280.  1  and  b;  280.  2;  A.  &  G.  .510.  1,  2j 
549;  H.  588.  I,  II,  and  2;  r)98. 

2.  Temporal  Clauses  introduced  b3'  postquam,  ubi   etc.,  denot- 
ing a  single  past  act.     287.  1  ;  A.  &  (r.  'A:] ;  II.  002. 

3.  Clauses  introduced  by  ut,  ubi,  simul  ac,  denoting  a  repeated 
act.     287.  2  ;  II.  002.  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1  in  his  locis,  quod  omnis  Gallia  ad  septentriones  vergit,  maturae 
sunt  hiemes,  the  v:intprs  are  early  in  these  places,  becanse 
all  Gaul  stretches  toirard  the  north.     (1) 

2.  graviter  eos  acciisat,  quod  ab  eis  non  sublevetur,  he  bitterly 

accuses  them  because  he  is  not  assisted  by  them.     (1) 

3.  cum  se  defendere  non  possent,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittunt, 

since  they  could  not  defend  themselves,  they  sent  ambassa- 
dors to  Caesar.     (1) 

4.  postquam  id  animadvertit,  copias  in  proximum  collem  subdii- 

cit,  after  he  noticed  that,  he  withdrew  his  forces  to   the 
nearest  hill.     (2) 

5.  id  ubi  audivit,  ad  hostes  contendit,  ivhen  he  learned  that,  he 

hastened  toicard  the  enemy.     (2) 

8.  simul  atque  se  ex  fuga  receperunt,  statim  ad  Caesarem  lega- 
tes mittunt,  as  soon  as  the.u  recovered  from  flight,  they 
sent  envoys  to  Caesar.     (2) 

7.   ubi  ex  litore  aliquos  singulares  ex  navi  egredientes  conspexe- 
rant,  adoriebantur,  tchenever  they  saw  any  disembarking 
separately,  they  attacked  them.     (3) 
S2 


Causal  Clauses. 


63 


Remark. 

Observe  that  where  in  English  we  use  the  pluperfect  with  after^ 
as  soon  as,  etc.,  the  Latin  regularly  employs  the  perfect,  not  the 
pluperfect. 

VOCABULARY. 
approach,  adventus,  iis,  m. 
arrest,  comprehendo,  ere,  hendl, 


deep,  altus,  a,  um. 
demand,  posco,  ere,  poposci. 
depart,  decedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessij- 

rus. 
destroy,    break   down,  rescind5, 

ere,  scidi,  scissus. 
move  out,  intr.,  demigro,  1. 
thither,  eo. 


hensus. 
arrive,  pervenio,  ire,  veni,  ven- 

tum. 
believe,  credo,  ere,  didi,  ditum, 

with  dat. 
blame,  culpo,  1. 
complain,  queror,  i,  questus. 

EXERCISE. 

1.  "Whenever  tliey  had  come  to  a  deep  river,  tliey 
made  a  bridge  by  means  of  boats.  2.  Since  they  were 
alarmed  by  the  approach  of  so  great  a  multitude,  they 
moved  out  from  these  buildings  and  crossed  the  river. 
3.  As  soon  as  the  envoys  of  the  Germans  liad  coine  to 
Caesar's  camp,  they  were  all  arrested.  4.  The  JIaedui 
were  complaining  because  the  Germans  were  ravaging 
their  ^  territory.  5.  IJecause  the  rest  of  the  army  ip 
farther  distant,  ^ve  will  not  wait.  6.  After  Caesar  had 
arrived  there,-  he  demanded  hostages,  arms,  and  horses. 
7.  When  this  report  arrived,  there  was  no  one  who  be 
lieved  it.  8.  As  soon  as  tlu^y  saw  these  horsemen,  they 
became  much  more  eager.'''  9.  After  they  had  conferred 
with  each  other  ^  more;  than  two  liours,'  Ariovistus  with- 
drew. 10.  We  blame  you  because  you  have  deserted 
us.  11.  Since  these  things  are  so,  we  must  de])art.* 
lU.  As  soon  as  he  destroyed  the  bridge,  he  returned  into 
Gaul. 


64  Causal  Clauses. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise 

1.  their:  use  the  reflexive,  suus. 

2.  there:  the  Latin  says  :  thither. 

3.  much  more  eager :  translate  :  more  eager  oy  much. 

4.  icith  each  other :  translate:  between  themselves. 

5.  more  than  two  hours:  see  Lesson  X,  Example  12. 

6.  tee  must  depart:  see  Lesson  VII,  Remark  1. 

The  Nervii  and  Tlieir  Allies  Lay  an  Ambush  for  the  Romans 

The  Nervii  and  their  neighbors,-^  the  Atrebates  and 
Vivomandui,  were  the  only  (ones)  who  were  now  in  arms. 
Tliese  were  the  most  distant-  and  were  the  bravest  of  all 
the  Belgae.  They  had  hidden  their  women,  children,  and 
old  men  in  the  swamps,  and  had  encamped''' across  the 
River  Sambre,*  where  they  were  awaiting  the  arrival  of 
the  Romans.  Caesar  had  sent  men  ahead  to  choose  a 
suitable  place  and  to  fortify  a  camp,  and  was  himself 
following  with  all  his  forces,wlien  suddenly  the  Nervii 
flew  out*  from  the  woods,  where  they  were  holding  them 
selves  in  hiding.*' 

Sug-g-estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  neighbors  :  use  the  adjective  neighboring  as  a  substantive. 

2.  were  the  most  distant:  translate  :  were  farthest  distant. 

3.  encamp :  consido,  ere,  sedi,  sessum. 

4.  Sambre  :  Sabis.  is. 

5.  fly  out:  evolo,  1, 

6.  in  hiding    in  occulto. 


LESSON   XXII. 

TEMPORAL  CLAUSES  (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1  Cz/m-Clauses.     288.  l-'i  ;  289  ;  A.  &  G.  dio  and  a,  546  and 

I,  547,  548  ;  II.  GOO.  I  and  1,  II,  001  and  2. 

2  Antequam  and  priusquam.     291.  1,  2;    292,  1,  2  ;    A.  &  G. 
551.  a-c  .  11.  605.  I,  II. 

3.    Dum,  dunec,  quoad.     29;].  I-TII ;  A.  &  (i.  .053,  554,  555, 556 ; 

II.  GOo.  1.  11,  1,2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  ad   equos  se  celeriter,   cum  usus  est,  recipiunt,  they  retreat 

sioiftly  to  their  horses,  ivhen  there  is  need.     (1) 

2.  cum  Caesar  in   Galliam  venit,   duae   factiones   erant,    ichen 

Caesar  ecnie  into  Gaid,  there  v:ere  tiro  factions.     (1) 

3.  jam  Galli  fugere  apparabant,  cum  matres   familiae  repente 

procurrerunt,  the  Gaids  luere  making  ready  to  Jlee,  when 
suddenly  the  matrons  rushed  forth.     (1) 

4.  cum  equitatus  noster  se    in   agros   ejecerat,    essedarios  Bri- 

tanni  ex  silvls  emittebant,  ivhenever  our  cavalry  rushed 
out  into  the  country,  the  Britons  loould  send  their  chariot- 
eers out  from  the  xroods.     (1) 

5.  cum    ad    .oppidum    accessisset   castraque   ibi  poneret,    pueri 

mulieresque  pacem  petierunt,  ichen  he  had  dravni  7iear  to 
the  tmrn  and  rca.v  pitching  camp  there,  the  ivomoi  and 
children  sought  peace.     (1) 

6.  non  prius  fugere  destiterunt  quam  ad  Rhenum  pervenerunt, 

they  did  not  cease  fleeing  before  titey  reached  the  Iihine.    (2) 

7.  legiones  omnes    in    unum   locum    coegit  prius  quam  de  ejus 

adventu  niintiari  posset,  he  assembled  all   his   legions  in 
one  place  before  his  arriv(d  could  be  announced.     (2) 
05 


G6  Temporal  Clauses. 


8.  dum    haec    geruntur.  ceteri   discesserunt,  while   these   things 

irere  being  done,  the  rest  departed.     (3) 

9.  exspectavit  Caesar,  dum  naves  convenirent,  Caesar  vaited  for 

the  ships  to  assemiile,  lit.  till  the  ships  should  assemble.     (3) 


VOCABULARY 
attack,  adorior,  iri,  ortus. 
drag,    drag    along,    traho,    ere, 

traxi,  tractus. 
fall  in  with,  incido,  ere,  incidi, 

construed  with  in  and,  ace. 
go  away,  abeo,  ire,  abii,  abitiirus. 
join    (battle),     committo,     ere, 


misi,  missus, 
land,    verb,    expono,  ere,  posui, 

positus. 
scarcely,  vix. 
there,  ibi. 
till,  dum,  donee. 
while,  dum. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  While  he  v.'as  tarrying  a  few  days  in  the  vicinity 
of  Geneva,  envoys  eanie  to  him.  2.  ^Yhenever  this 
cohort  had  made  an  attack,  the  enemy  were  driven  back. 
3.  They  Avaited  for  their  cavalry  to  return.  4.  V\q 
went  away  before  you  arrived.  5.  When  the  foot- 
soldiers  had  been  landed  from  the  shi])s  and  were  hasten- 
ing to  camp,  tlie  ]\[orini  attacked  them.  6.  Our  troo})S 
had  scarcely  marclunl  out  from  the  camp,  when  the  Gauls 
joined  battle.  7.  As  Procillus  was  being  dragged  along 
by  the  Germans,  he  fell  in  Avith  Caesar.  8.  When  they 
had  come  to  this  river,  they  })itched  their  camp  there. 
9.  We  remained  here  three  days  till  our  friends  should 
arrive.  10.  I  saw  no  one  until  you  came.  11.  They 
fled  before  he  should  capture  their  town.  12.  When 
he  saw  this,  he  retreated  to  the  hill.  13.  While  Caesar 
was  conferring  Avith  Ariovistus,  the  German  horsemen 
attacked  the  Romans. 


LESSON   XXIIL 

SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES, 

1.  Substantive  Clauses  developed  from  the  Jussive.  295. 
1,  2,  4,  5,  (3,  8;  cf.  A.  &  G.  5G3,  and  e,  d,  e,  5G5 ;  II.  50 1.  I,  II 
and  1. 

2.  Substantive  Clauses  developed  from  the  Deliberative.  295, 
7;  298;  cf.  A.  k  G.  558.  a  ;  II.  595.  I,  591.  4. 

3.  Substantive  Clauses  after  verbs  of  hindering,  preventing,  etc. 
295.  3;  A.  &  G.  558.  L;  II.  595.  2,  590.  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  postulavit  ut  locum  coUoquio  deligerent,  he  demanded  that  they 

shoidd  choose  a  place  for  a  conference  (i.e.  he  demanded, 
let  them  choose  a  place).    (1) 

2.  orant  ut  civitati  subveniat.  they  beij  that  he  icill  come  to  the 

help  of  their  state  (i.e.  they  beg,  let  him  come).     (1) 

3.  milites  cohortatus est  ne  suae  pristinae  virtiitis  obliviscerentur, 

he  exhorted  thp  soldiers  not  to  forget  tlieir  former  valor 
(let  them  not  forget).     (1) 

4.  civitati  persuasit  ut  de  finibus  suis  exirent,  he  persuaded  the 

state  to  go  forth  from  their  territory  {let  thera  go  forth) .   (1) 

5.  huic  permisit  ut  in  his  locis  legionem  collocaret,  he  permitted 

him  to  station  his  legion  in  these  districts.      (1) 

6.  non  dubitant  quin  de  omnibus    obsidibus  gravissimum   sup- 

plicium  sumat,  they  do  imt  duuht  that  he  viU  ixTlict  the 
severest  punishment  on  all  the  hostages,  lit.  take  putiish- 
mt-nt  from.     (2) 

7.  hi  multitiidinem  deterrent  ne  friimentum  conferant,  these  pre- 

vent tfie  people  from  contributing  tlie  grain.     (3) 
fi7 


66  Temj)oral  Clauses. 


8.  diim   haec    geruntur.  ceteri   discesserunt,   while   these   things 

irere  heimj  dime,  the  rest  departed.     (3) 

9.  exspectavit  Caesar,  dum  naves  convenirent,  C<iesnr  vnited  for 

the  shij^s  to  assernhJe,  lit.  till  the  sliips  shorihl  assevible.     (3) 


VOCABULARY. 
attack,  adorior,  iri.  ortus. 
drag,    drag    along,    traho,    ere, 

traxi,  tractus. 
fall  in  with,  incido,  ere,  incidi, 

coyistrued  loith  in  and  ace. 
go  away,  abeo,  ire,  abii,  abitiirus. 
join    (battle),     committo,     ere, 


misi,  missus. 
land,    verb,    expono,  ere,  posui, 

positus. 
scarcely,  vix. 
there,  ibi. 
till,  dum,  donee. 
while,  dum. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  While  he  was  tarrying  a  few  days  in  the  vicinity 
of  Geneva,  envoys  came  to  liim.  2.  "Whenever  this 
cohort  had  made  an  attack,  the  enemy  were  driven  back. 
3.  They  waited  for  their  cavalry  to  return.  4.  We 
went  away  before  yon  arrived.  o.  When  tlie  foot- 
sokliers  had  been  landed  from  the  ships  and  were  hasten- 
ing to  camp,  the  ^Nlorini  attacked  them.  6.  Our  troops 
had  scarcely  marched  out  from  the  camp,  when  the  Gauls 
joined  battle.  7.  As  Procillus  was  being  dragged  along 
by  the  Germans,  he  fell  in  with  Caesar.  8.  When  they 
had  come  to  this  river,  they  })itched  their  camp  there. 
9.  We  remained  here  three  days  till  our  friends  should 
arrive.  10.  1  saw  no  one  until  you  came.  11.  They 
fled  before  he  should  capture  their  town.  12.  When 
he  saw  this,  he  retreated  to  the  hill.  13.  While  Caesar 
was  conferring  with  Ariovistus,  the  German  horsemen 
Uttacked  the  Romans. 


LESSON   XXIIL 

SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Substantive  Clauses  developed  from  the  Jussive.  295. 
1,  2,  4,  5,  (j,  8;  cf.  A.  &  G.  5fJ3,  and  c,  (/,  e,  5G5 ;  II.  501.  J,  \l 
and  1. 

2.  Substantive  Clauses  developed  from  the  Deliberative.  295, 
7;  298;  cf.  A.  &  G.  558.  a  ;  II.  595.  1,  591.  4. 

3.  Substantive  Clauses  after  verbs  of  hindering,  preventing,  etc. 
295.  3;  A.  &  G.  558.  h;  II.  595.  2,  590.  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  postulavit  ut  locum  colloquio  deligerent,  he  demanded  that  they 

should  choose  a  place  for  a  conference  (I.e.  he  demanded, 
let  thera  choose  a  place).    (1) 

2.  orant  ut  civitati  subveniat,  they  beg  that  lie  icill  come  to  the 

help  of  their  state  (i.e.  they  beg,  let  him  come).     (1) 

3.  milites  cohortatus  est  ne  suae  pristinae  virtutis  obliviscei'entur, 

he  exhorted  the  soldiers  not  to  forget  their  former  valor 
(let  them  not  forget).     (1) 

4.  civitati  persuasit  ut  de  finibus  suis  exirent,  he  persnaded  the 

state  to  go  forth  from  their  territory  {let  tltera  go  furtli).   (1) 

5.  huic  permisit  ut  in  his  locis  legionem  collocaret,  he  permitted 

him  to  station  his  hgion  in  these  districts.      (1) 

6.  non  dubitant  quin  de  omnibus    obsidibus  gravissimum   sup- 

plicium  sumat,  tliey  do  n.ot  doubt  that  he  v:ill  inflict  the 
severest  ptinishment  on  all  the  hostages,  lit.  take  jninisit- 
ment  from.     (2) 

7.  hi  multitiidinem  deterrent  ne  friimentum  conferant,  these  pre- 

vent the pteojtle  from  contributing  the  grain.     (3) 
fi7 


LESSON   XXIV. 

SUBSTANTIVE   CLAUSES    {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL    REFERENCES. 

1.  Substantive   Clauses   developed    from   the    Optative.      u96 
entire;  cf.  A.  &  (i.  5(J;3.  b,  56i;   II.  5tJ5. 

2.  Substantive  Clauses  of  Result.     297.  l-o;  A.  &  G.  509.  1, 
2,  570,  571;  II.  571.  1-1. 

3.  Substantive  Clauses  introduced  by  quod.     299.  1,  2;  A.  & 
G.  572  and  a ;  II.  5b8.  o. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  verebantur  ne  ad  eos  exercitus  noster  adduceretur,  they  feared 

that  our  army  would  he  led  against  them.     (1) 

2.  veritus  est  ut   hostium  impetum  sustinere  posset,  he  feared 

that  he  icould   not  be  able  to  icithstund  the   onset  of  the 
enemy.     (1) 

3.  quae  res  efficiebat  ut  commeatiis  sine  perlculo  portari  possent, 

this  circumstance  brought  it  about  that  sj^jip/jes  could  be 
brought  icithout  danger.     (2) 

4.  est  enim  hoc  Gallicae  consuetMinis,  ut  viatores  invitos  con- 

sistere  cogant,  for  this  is  (a  feature)  of  the  Gallic  customs, 
that  they  compel  travelers  to  stop  against  their  icill.     (2) 

5.  acciderat,  ut  Galli  belli  renovandi  consilium  caperent.  it  had 

happened  that  the  Gauls  formed  the  plan  of  renewing  the 
icar.     (2) 

6.  ex  eo  quod  obsides  dare  intermiserant,  from  the  fact  that  thpy 

had  ceased  to  give  hostages.     (3) 

7.  quod  castra  movi,  factum  est  inopia  pabuli,  as  to  the  fact  that 

I  moved  the  camp,    it   was   done  on   account    of  lack   of 
forage.     (3) 

70 


Substantive   Clauses. 


71 


VOCABULARY. 

bring    about,    efdcio,  ere,    feci,  !  (few),  very  few,  perpauci,  ae,  a. 

fectus.  I  hand,  be  at   band,  adsum,  esse, 

conspire,  conjiird,  1.  adfui,  futiirus. 
discover,  comperi5,  ire,  comperi,    liappen,  accido,  ere,  accidi ;  i??i* 

compertus.  j     pers.  accidit,  it  liappuns. 

especially,  maxime.  injury,  injuria,  ae,  /. 

fear,  vereor,  eri,  itus.  |  strengthen,  munio,  ire,  ivi,  itus. 

EXERCISE. 

1.  As  to  the  fact  that  I  have  brought  a  multitude  "with 
nie  into  Gaul,  I  have  done  it  in  order  to  strengthen  my- 
self.  2.  It  ha})pened  that  very  few  ships  Avere  at  hand. 
3.  The  enemy  feared  that  all  hope  of  safety  "vvould  be 
taken  away.  4.  I  fear  that  we  shall  be  cut  off  from 
su])i)lies.  5.  He  fears  that  he  will  not  avoid  suspicions. 
6.  Caesar  brought  it  about  that  he  had  the  Germans  in 
his  own  power.  7.  He  was  especially  alarmed  by  this 
circumstance,  that  they  were  conspiring  and  giving  hos- 
tages to  each  other.^  8.  He  feared  that  he  would  be 
surrounded  by  a  multitude  of  tlie  enemy.  9.  I  shall 
not  forget  this  injury,  that  you  ravaged  the  lands  of  the 
Haedui.         10.    He    feared    that    we    would    not    come. 

11.  I  shall  bring  it  about  that  you  discover  these  things. 

12.  Another  fact  was  ^  tluit  the  cavalry  of  the  Usipetes 
had  retreated  into  the  territory  of  the  Sugambri. 


Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  to  park  /jfher :  see  Lesson  XXI,  Suggestion  4. 

2.  another  fact  v^as  :  translate  :  it  icas  added. 


LESSON   XXV. 

INDIRECT   QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMATICAL    REFERENCES. 

1.  Simple  Questions.     300.  1-3 ;  A.  &  G.  57-1,  57.5.  h,  576.  a ; 
H  619.  II. 

2.  Double  Questions.     300.  1;  cf.  A.  &  G.  334,  335.  d;  II.  650. 
1,  -2. 

EXAMPLES. 
1.    haud  scio  mirandumiie  sit,  /  dn  not  know  v^Jiether  it  is  to  be 

icondend  at.     (1) 
2     demonsti'averunt  quanta  facultas  praedae  faciendae  daretur, 

theij  ■•'Jioired  u-Jnit  an  <ipport unity  of  spcurinij  plunder  i':as 

offered.      (1) 
8.    quid    fieri    velit    ostendit,    Ite   shores    v:Jiat    he    icishes  to    be 

done.     (1) 

4.  ejus  rei  quae  causa  esset,  quaesiit,  he   asked  u-hat  icas  the 

reason  of  that  thing.     (1) 

5.  voluit    intellegere    utrum    apud    eos    pudor    an    timer   plus 

valeret,  he  vished  to  know  whether  honor  or  fear  had  the 
mastery  udth  them.     (2) 

6.  id   eane   causa   quam   pronuntiaverint   an   perfidia   fecerint, 

incertum  est.  it  is  uncertain  ichether  they  did  this  for  the 
reason  they  stated  or  from  treachery.     (2) 

7.  apud  Germanos  consuetiido  erat  ut  matres  familiae  sortibus 

declararent  utrum  proelium  committi  ex  usu  esset  necne, 
among  the  Germans  it  v:as  the  custom  for  the  matrons  to 
declare  by  lots  whether  it  teas  advantageous  for  battle 
to  be  begun  or  neA.     (2) 

8.  hanc  paliidem  si  nostri  transirent.  hostes  exspectabant,  the 

enemy  wre  waiting  (to  see)  v:hether  our  men  would  cross 
this  marsh.     (1) 

72 


Indirect  Questions.  78 


Remark. 

To  denote  future  time  in  indirect  questions,  periphrastic  forms 
are  used  where  ambiguity  would  otherwise  result ;  as,  non  quaero 
quid  dicturus  sis,  /  dn  not  ask  irhnt  you  t'-iU  sa>/.  Non  quaero 
quid  dicas,  would  iiaturally  mean:  I  do  not  ask  what  you  are  saying. 

VOCABULARY. 

always,  semper.  i  perceive,      sentio,      ire,     sensi, 

ask,      quaero,      ere,      quaesivi,  ;      sensus. 

situs.  report,  nuntio,  1. 

headship,  principatus,  iis,  m.        :  scout,  explorator,  oris,  m. 
how,    in    indir.    questions,    ut,  |  show,  ostend5,  ere,  endi,  entus. 

u-Jie/i  modifying  the  clause  as  .  still,  adhiic. 

a   lohole ;    to    denote    cZe^/'ee,  [  what   nature,    of    what    nature, 

quam.  '      quails,  e. 

if,  v:ith  exspecto,  etc.,  si.  ,  wonder,  miror,  1. 

EXERCISE. 

1.  Caesar  showed  how  the  Ilaediii  had  always  hehl 
the  headship  of  Gauh  2.  AVe  were  waiting  (to  see) 
Avhat  they  would  do.^  3.  These  men  reported  to  the 
enemy  what  things  were  done  in  our  camp.  4.  We 
were  wondering  how  soon  they  Avould  break  down  the 
bridge.  5.  I  ask^d  wliat  you  had  said  in  the  council  of 
the  Gauls.  C.  I  wonder  wliy  Ariovistus  did  not  con- 
tend in  battle  on  this  day.  7.  I  do  not  know  wlietlier 
Caesar  is  still  in  Germany  or  has  retui'ned  into  Gaul. 
8.  He  incpiired  of-  the  captives  what  states  were  in 
arms.  9.  They  did  not  know  wdiether  these  states  were 
in  arms  or  not.  10.  Tin;  scouts  showed  him  of  what 
nature  the  mountain  was.  11.  A^olusenus  reported 
what  tribes  he  had  visited.  12.  1  perceive  what  you 
will  do.» 


Indirect  Questions. 


Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  See  the  Keiiiark  on  the  mode  of  expressing  future  time  in 
indirect  questions. 

2.  of:  with  quaero  this  is  expressed  by  tlie  prep,  ab  or  ex. 

The  Battle  on  the  Sambre  (mntinufid). 
It  thus  happened  that  the  Koiuan  camp  was  exposed ' 
in  front-  and  on  the  left  side.  Then  the  Xervii,  crowded 
together  in  a  dense  swarm,  hastened  up  the  hilP  towards 
the  camp  and  the  two  legions.  Caesar  saw  the  danger  at 
once.  The  soldiers  of  the  twelfth  legion  were  huddled 
together*  so  (closely)  that  they  could  not  use  their  swords ; 
nearly  all  the  centurions  were  either  killed  or  wounded. 
Sextius  Baculus,  the  first  centurion/  was  so  weakened  by 
wounds  tliat  he  could  no  longer  stand. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  expose :  niido,  1. 

2.  in  front,  on  the  side  :  express  by  the  ablative  with  a. 

3.  ?;;:>  the  hill:  colle  adverse,  lit.  the  hill  being  against  (them) 

4.  huddled  together     use  confertus  here  also. 
5    first  centurion     centuri5  primi  pfli. 


LESSON   XXVI. 

CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  First   Type.     Nothing   Implied.     o02.   1-1;   A.   &  G.    515 
and  a;  518.  a,  b;  510.  a;   11.  57-1  and  2,  580.  1. 

2.  Second    Type.     Should  .   .  .  would  Type.     303 ;    A.    &    G. 
516.  b;  II.  57(J. 

3.  Third  Type.     Contrary  to  Fact.     30i  entire  ;  A.  &  G.  517 
and  a,  c,  d;  II.  579  and  1,  582,  58^). 

4.  Conditional    Clauses   of  Comparison.     307.   1,  2;  A.  &  G. 
521  and  X.  2;  II.  581  and  1,  2. 

5.  Subordinate  Adversative  Clauses  introduced  by  etsl  and  cum. 
309.  2,  3;  A.  &  G.  527.  c ;  519;  II.  585;  598. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  si  hoc  dicis,  erras,  if  you  sa>/  this,  you  arc  mistaken.     (1) 

2.  si  hoc   dicebas,   errabas.   if  you  loare    saying    this,  you    were 

mistaken.     (1) 

3.  si  hoc  dices,  errabi.-^,  if  you  say  (i.e.  shaU  say)  this,  you  icill  be 

mistaken.     (1) 

4.  si  hoc   dixisti,    erravisti,   if  you    said    this,    you    were    7nis- 

taken.      (1) 

5.  si  hoc  dicas,    erres,  if  you  should  say  this  (ivere   you  to  say 

this),  you  would  be  mistaken.     (2) 
0.    si  hoc  diceres,  errares,  if  you  were  saying  this,  you  icuuhl  be 
making  a  mistake.     (3) 

7.  si  hoc   dixisses,    ei'ravisses,   if  you   had  said  this,  you    xcould 

have  made  a  mistake.      (3) 

8.  si  quis    equitum    deciderat,   pedites    circumsistebant,   if  any 

one  (f  the  horsemen  fell,  the  fool-soldiers  gathered  around 
him.     (1) 

75 


7G  Conditional  Sentences. 


9.  Ariovisti  absentis  crudelitateni  liorrebant,  velut  si  adesset, 
thi'y  slniddii-f'd  at  the  cruelty  of  Ariovistus  at  a  distance, 
as  though  Jw  u-cw  at  hand.     (4) 

10.  etsi  prope  exacta  aestas  erat,  in  Morinds  exercitum  addiixit, 

although  tlw  summer  teas  almost  over,  he  led  his  army 
among  the  Mnrini.     (5) 

11.  hos  cum  Suebi  expellere  non  potuissent,  tamen  vectigales  sibi 

fecerunt.  though  the  Suebi  had  been  unable  to  drive  these 
out,  yet  they  made  them  tributary  to  themselves.     (5) 


VOCABULARY. 
although,  etsi. 
as  if,  velut  si. 

concerning,  de,  prep,  with  abl 
if,  SI ;  if  .  .  .  not,  nisi. 
letter,  litterae,  arum,/. 


near,  prope,  prep,  with  ace. 
news,    nuntii,    orum,    r.i.,    from 

nuntius,  message, 
regard,  habeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
unless,  nisi. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Unless  the  news  concerning  Caesar's  victory  had 
been  brought  at  that  time,  this  town  would  have  been 
lost.  2.  Unless  you  AvithdraAv  ^  from  these  districts, 
I  shall  regard  you  as  an  enemy.-  3.  Although  the 
winter  was  at  hand,  yet  Caesar  set  out  for  Britain. 
4.  He  spoke  as  if  he  had  visited  Britain.  o.  If  auy 
one  should  announce  these  things  to  Ariovistus,  he^ 
would  infiict*  the  severest  punishment  on  us.  6.  We 
should  fear  nothing,  if  he  were  present.  7.  Unless  you 
do  ^  this,  I  shall  not  send  the  letter.  8.  They  would 
have  come,  if  they  had  knoAvn  this.  9.  "Were  he 
to  know  this,  he  would  send  us  aid  at  once.  10.  He 
would  have  joined  battle,  if  he  had  seen  these  forces 
near  the  camp  of  the  enemy.  11.  Uuless  help  is  at 
hand,  we  have  no  hope  of  safety.  12.  Although  he 
did  not  know  their  plans,  yet  he  suspected  that  which 


Conditional  Sentences.  77 

happened,       13.    If   3'ou  do  not  come   to  us,   we   shall 
come  to  you. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  The  pupil  should  observe  when  the  English  present  has 
future  force,  and  should  make  the  Latin  tenses  conform  to  the 
actual  time  indicated. 

2.  as  an  enemy  :  pro  hoste. 

3.  he:  hie. 

4.  Compare  Lesson  XXIII,  Suggestion  1. 


LESSON   XXVII. 

INDIRECT   DISCOURSE. 
GRAMMATICAL    REFERENCES. 

Moods. 

1.  Declaratory  Sentences.     ;314.  1,  3;  ;};51.  I;  A.  &  G.  580, 
II.  Gi-2,  64:3.  3,  4. 

2.  Interrogative  Sentences.     315.  1-3;    A.   &    G.   586,    587; 
H.  642  and  2,  3. 

3.  Imperative  Sentences.     3J  6  and  a ;  A.  &  G.  588  and  a ; 
H.  642. 

Tenses. 

4.  Of  the  Infinitive.     317  and  a;  A.  &  G.  584  and  a  ;  II.  644, 
617. 

5.  Of  the   Subjunctive.      318   and  a;    A.  &  G.  585  and  a; 
H.  641. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Ariovistus  respondit  sese  non  esse  ventiirum,  Ariovistns  rpplied 

that  he  loould  7i(tt  come.     (Direct:  nonveniain.)     (1) 

2.  referunt.  esse  silvam  inflnita  magnitudine.  quae  Bacenis  ap- 

pellatur,  they  bring  back  icord  that  there  is  a  forest  of 
limitless  extent,  vMch  is  called  Bacenis.  (Tlie  direct 
statement  here  is  est  silva  ;  the  clause  quae  appellatur  is 
an  addition  of  the  writer.)     (1) 

R,  Caesar  respondit,  eo  sibi  minus  dubitationis  dari,  quod  eas 
res,  quas  legati  Helvetii  commeraorassent,  memoria  tene- 
ret,  Caesar  answered  that  less  hesitation  v:as  afforded  him 
because  he  remembered  those  things  v:hirh  the  Helvetian 
ambassadors  had  stated.     (1) 

4.  Caesari  respondit  se  prius  in  Galliam  venisse  quam  populum 
Romanum.  Quid  sibi  vellet  ?  Ciir  in  suas  possessiones 
78 


Indirect  Discourse.  79 

veniret  ?  he  ansu'ercd  Caesar  that  he  had  come  into  Gaid 
before  the  Itomnn  people.  What  did  he  icant?  Why  did 
he  come  into  /lis  domains'  (Direct;  ego  prius  veni 
Quid  vis  ?     Cur  venis  ?)      (1  and  2) 

6.  si  veteris  contumeliae  oblivisci  vellet,  num  etiam  recentium 

injiiriarum  memoriam  se  deponere  posse,  if  he  were  ivill- 
ing  to  forget  the  former  indignity.,  coidd  he  also  banish  the 
recollection  of  recent  lorongs?  (Direct:  si  velim,  num 
possum?)     (1  and  2) 

/  /l«oi(.'   you   icere   doing    this.      (Direct  :    age- 

bas.)     (4) 
I  knov  yon  did  this.     (Direct:  egisti.)     (4) 
/    know    you    had    done    this.      (Direct:     ege- 

ras.)     (4) 

7.  quid  metueret,  ^'7p/  ,s7;o?(A?  he  fear?     (Direct:  quid  metuam , 

Deliberative  Subjunctive.)     (2) 

Remarks. 

1.  Note  that  a  dependent  perfect  inlinitive  is  treated  as  an  his- 
torical tense,  whenever,  if  resolved  into  an  ecjuivalent  indicative,  it 
would  be  historical. 

2.  Note  that  for  the  sake  of  \ividness  a  present  tense  of  the 
direct  discourse  is  not  infreciuently  retained  in  the  indirect  after  an 
historical  tense.  This  is  called  repraesentatio,  'a  bringing  back  to 
the  present." 

VOCABULARY. 


6,    scio  te  hae 

egisse, 


cruelly,  criideliter. 
follow,  sequor,  i,  seciitus. 
know,  scio,  ire,  scivi,  scitus. 


rule,  impero,  1. 

think,  existimo,  1  ;  puto,  1. 

wish,  volo,  velle,  volul. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  The  envoys  said  that  they  wouhl  report  these  things 
to  tlieir  (c(MiTitrymen).  2.  \'ohisenus  said  that  he  liad 
visited  JJritain  and  seen  many  tribes  and  towns.  .').  Tlie 
cliieftains  of  the  Nervii  said  that  tliey  wished  tliese 
tilings.  4.  We  thouglit  tliat  yon  were  folk)\ving  ns. 
5.    Wlien  Caesar  tliought  that  (Jaul  had  been  subdued,  a 


80  Indirect  Discourse. 

sudden  war  broke  out.  6.  They  tliought  they  would 
persuade  the  Koiuaus  to  give  them  lands.  7.  They 
thought  the  Romans  were  withdrawing  from  these  places. 

8.  He  knew  that  they  would  return  home  if  they  wished. 

9.  He  said  that  he  had  conquered  all  with  whom  he  had 
contended.  10.  He  said  that  it  would  happen^  in  a  few 
years  that  all  the  Germans  would  cross  the  Rhine. 
11.  We  know  that  Ariovistus,  after  he  conquered  the 
Gauls,  ruled  cruelly.  12.  Caesar  perceived  that  all  the 
Gauls  were  conspiring. 

Suggestion  on  the  Exercise. 
1.  happen  :  use  the  future  inf.  of  esse  to  express  this. 

The  Battle  on  the  Sambre  {continued). 
Some  at  the  rear^  were  abandoning  their  posts,  with- 
drawing from  the  battle,  and  avoiding  the  spears  of  the 
enemy.  Meanwhile  the  Kervii  kept  advancing  in  great 
numbers.  Caesar,  therefore,  fearing  that  his  men  would 
be  surrounded  by  so  great  a  multitude,  hastened  to  the 
first  line,  and  exhorted  the  legions  to  be  ^  of  good  courage. 
Thus  new  strength  was  added  to  them,  and  all  strove 
valiantly  to  \vithstand  the  assault  of  the  enemy.  At  the 
same  time,  the  two  legions  which  had  been  protecting  the 
baggage^  hastened  toward  the  camp  with  the  greatest 
speed. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  at  the  rear:  a  novissimis. 

2.  to  be  :  Lesson  XXIII,  Example  3. 

3.  had  been  protpctinij  the  baggage .  translate;  had  been  Jor  a 
protection  to  the  baggage. 


LESSOX  xxviri. 

THE   INFINITIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Infinitive  without  Subject  Accusative,  used  as  Subject 
327.  1,  2  and  a ;  A.  .^  G.  -152.  X.  2,  4.55.  a  ;  II.  G15,  G12.  3. 

2.  Infinitive  without  Subject  Accusative,  used  as  Object.  328. 
1,  2 ;  A.  &  G.  456 ;  II.  007  and  1.  2,  008.  4.  012  and  1. 

3.  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative,  used  as  Subject.  330 ; 
A.  &  (r.  455.  2;   II.  015. 

4.  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative,  used  as  Object.  331 
entire;  A.  &  G.  459  ;  II.  013.  1-3. 

5.  Passive  Construction  of  Verbs  which  in  the  Active  are  fol- 
lowed by  the  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative.  332  entire ; 
n.  Oil.  1,2  audXotes  1,  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  necesse   est  nobis  Gergoviam  contendere,  it  is  necessary  for 

us  to  hnsff'ti  to  Gcryovia.     (1) 

2.  oportebat    friimentum    militibus    metiri.   it   was  his   duty  to 

measure  out  rp'a'n  to  the  soldiers.     (1) 

3.  placuit  castra  defendere.  it  teas  resolved  (lit.  it  pleased  them) 

to  deffiid  the  camp.     (1) 

4.  licet  id  facere,  it  is  permitted  to  do  that.     (1) 

5.  nemo  progredi  ausus  est,  no  one  dand  to  advanre.     (2) 

6.  debetis   adventum  nostrum   exspectare,  you    ought  to  avmit 

our  arrival.     (2) 

7.  agri  nostri  vastari   non   debuerunt,  our   lands  <>ufjht  not  to 

have  been  laid  vxiste.     (2) 

8.  Gallia  debet  libera  esse,  Gaul  omjht  to  he  free.     (2) 

81 


The  Infinitive. 


0.    non  aequum  est  Germanos  in  Galliain  transire,  it  is  not  right 
for  the  (TcniKiiis  to  cmss  over  into  Gaul.     (3) 

10.  polliciti  sunt  se  obsides  daturos  esse,  they  promised  that  they 

icotihl  (jive  hostaf/es.     (4) 

11.  Orgetorigem  ex  vinculis  caiisam  dicere  coegerunt,  they  c:jm- 

pcllcd  Onjetorix  to  plead  his  cause  in  cliaijis.     (4) 

12.  arma  tradere  jussi  sunt,  they  u'ere  ordered  to  surre)ider  their 

arms.     (5) 

13.  Suebi  centum  pagos  habere  dicuntur,  the  Suehi  are  said  to 

have  one  luoidred  cantons.     (5) 

VOCABULARY. 


able,    be   able,    possum,    posse, 

potui. 
command,  mandatum,  i.  n. 
comi)el,  cogo,  ere,  coegi,  coactus. 
dare,    audeo,    ere,    ausus,   seyni- 

dep. 
difficult,  difficilis,  e. 
duty,  it  is  a  duty,  oportet,  ere, 

oportuit,  impers. 
forbid,  veto,  are,  ui,  itus. 


inflict  (something on  somebody), 
Infero,  ferre,  intuli.  Hiatus, 
u-ith  ace.  of  direct  obj.  and  dat. 
of  indirect. 

necessary,  it  is  necessary,  ne- 
cesse  est. 

ought,  debeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 

promise,  polliceor,  eri,  itus. 

spear,  teluni,  i,  n. 

try,  Conor,  1. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  You  ought  to  remember  my  favors.  2.  It  Avas 
difticult  to  fortify  the  camp  and  at  the  same  time  to  avoid 
the  spears  of  the  enemy.  3.  He  did  not  dare  to  confer 
with  us  concerning  these  plans.  4.  The  Treveri  were 
said  to  be  tampering  with  the  Germans.  5.  You  ought 
to  have ^  obeyed  our  commands.  6.  It  is  necessary  to 
depart  at  once  for  Britain.  7.  I  do  not  know  who  com- 
pelled you  to  do  his.  8.  It  is  our  duty  to  aefend 
tliis  province.  9.  I  forbade  him  to  do  this,  in  order 
that  he  might  not  seem  to  inflict  injuries  on  our  allies. 
10.    They  ought  to  promise  that  they  will  come  to  us. 


The  Infinitive.  83 


11.  Caesar  seemed  to  be  able  to  do  all  tliinys.  12.  The 
soldiers  were  ordered  to  tear  down  the  bridge.  13.  The 
Veneti  tried  to  capture  the  Eomau  ships  of  war. 
14.    They  thought  that  they  could-  drive  us  back. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  See  Example  7. 

2,  could  drive:  i.e.  were  able  to  drive. 


LESSON   XXIX. 

PARTICIPLES. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Tenses  of  the  Participle.    3:30.  1-5;  A.  &  G.  489  and  491j 
H.  G40  and  1. 

2.  Use  of  Participles.     ooT.  1-3,  5,  8,  a,  h.  1).  2)  ;   A.  &  G. 
491;  19G,  497  and  d ;  500  and  1,  2,  4;  II.  G38,  1-3,  639,  G13.  5. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  audio  te  loquentem,  I  hear  you  as  yori  speak.     (1) 

2.  audivi  te  loquentem,  /  heard  you  as  you  were  speaking.     (1) 

3.  audiam  te  loquentem,  I  shall  liear  you  as  you  speak,  i.e.  as 

you  shall  be  speakhig.     (1) 

4.  locutus  tacet,  he  lias  spoken  and  is  silent,  lit.  having  sp)oken, 

he  is  silent.     (1) 

5.  lociitus  tacuit,  he  had  spoken  and  v:as  silent.     (1) 

6.  lociitus  tacebit,  he  v:iU  speak  and  then  he  silent.     (1) 

7.  liaec  flens  a  Caesare  petiit,  he  asked  these  things  of  Caesar, 

tceeping.      (1  and  2) 

8.  in  nostros  venientes  tela  coniciebant,  they  hurled  their  spears 

against  our  men  as  they  came  on.  lit.  coming.     (1  and  2) 

9.  regni  cupiditate  inductus  conjiirationem  fecit,  impelled  by  o 

desire  of  regal  pouter,  he  made  a  conspiracy.     (1  and  2) 

10.  perfidiam  veriti.  domum  reverterunt,  fearing  treachery,  theit 

returned  home.     (1  and  2) 

11.  Ariovistus  ferendus  non  videbatur,  Ariovistus  did  not  seen* 

endurable.     (1  and  2) 

12.  non  putabat  concedendum  esse,  he  did  not  think  that  conees 

sion  should  be  made,  lit.   that  it   (impers.)  ought  to  he 
conceded.     (2) 

84 


Particij^les. 


13.  pontem  faciendum  curat,  he  had  a  bridge  built,  lit.  cared  for 

a  bridije  to  be  built.     (2) 

14.  hos  Haeduis  cUstodiendos  tradidit,  he  handed  these  over  to 

the  Haedui  to  be  guarded.     (2) 

VOCABULARY. 


admire,  admiror,  1. 

attempt,  conor,  1. 

dismiss,  dimitto,  ere,  misi,  mis 

sus. 
fear,  timeo,  ere,  ui.  ]      fregl,  fractus 

lead,  diico,  ere,  duxi,  ductus. 


repair,  reficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus. 
treacliery,  insidiae,  arum,  /. 
\Yithout,  sine,  prep,  icith  abl. 
wreck  (of  vessels),  frango,  ere, 


EXERCISE. 

1.  They  did  not  dare  to  follow  our  men  farther  as 
they  retreated.-"-  2.  Having  followed  the  enemy  more 
than  four  miles,  Sabinus  led  his  soldiers  back  to  camp. 
3.  Having  given  these  commands,-  he  dismissed  the 
ambassadors  from  him.  4.  When  Procillus  attempted 
to  answer,  Ariovistus  prevented  ^  him.  5.  He  did  not 
think  that  fear  ought  to  be  entertained^  by  himself* 
without  cause.  6.  Caesar,  fearing  treachery,  not  yet 
having  learned  the  cause  ^  of  their  departure,  kept  his 
(men)  in  camp.  7.  We  saw  the  Xervii  crossing  this 
river.  8.  This  circumstance  is  worthy  of  admiration.'' 
9.  He  had  as  many  ships  as  possible*  constructed  in 
that  winter.  10.  He  gave  one  legion  to  Gains  Fabius, 
a  lieutenant,  to  be  led  against  the  IMorini.  11.  Ali 
the  ships  which  had  been  wrecked,  he  found  repaired 
12.    We  shall  hav(;  these  prisoners  guarded. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  as  they  retreated  :  translate:  retreating. 

2.  Express  by  the  Ablative  Absolute. 


86  Participles. 

3.  prevented:  use  prohibeS. 

4.  that  fear  ouijht  to  be  entertained :  translate  :   tluU  it  ought 
to  be  feared.     Compare  Example  12. 

5.  by  himself:  see  Lesson  VII,  Examples  1,  2. 

0.  7iot  yet  having  learned  the  cause:  express  by  the  Ablative 
Absolute,  —  the  cause  not  yet  having  been  learned. 

7.  worthy  of  admiration  :  express  by  the  Gerundive. 

8.  as  many  as  possible  :  see  Lesson  XV,  Example  11. 

The  Battle  on  the  Sambre  {continued). 
Thus  the  battle  was  renewed,  and  although  the  Nervii 
fought  most  courageously,  yet  the  Koinans  iinally  de- 
feated them  and  reduced  their  tribe  almost  to  extinc- 
tion.^ Within  a  few  days  came  envoys  from  the  old 
men  of  the  Xervii  to  beg  that  Caesar  would  exercise 
clemency  towards  them.  They  said  that  out  of  sixty 
thousand  men  scarcely  five  hundred  Avere  left,  and  out 
of  six  hundred  senators  only  three.  Caesar  spared  these 
suppliants^  and  permitted  them  to  retain^  their  towns 
and  villages.  On  the  following  day  he  began  to  march 
against  the  Aduatuci,  who  were  coming  to  the  help  of 
the  Nervii. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  extinction:  internecio,  onis,  f. 

2.  suppliant:  supplex,  icis,  m. 

3.  to  retain  :  see  Lesson  XXIII,  Example  6. 


LESSON   XXX. 

THE   GERUND;     THE   GERUNDIVE   CONSTRUCTION;    THE 
SUPINE. 

GRAMMATiCAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  The  Gerund.  3:!8.  1-5;  A.  &  G.  502;  504  and  /; ;  505 
and  a;  506  and  X.  2;  507;  II.  62 i,  626,  627,  628  and  footnote 
2,  629. 

2.  The  Gerundive  Construction.  3.'59.  1-5;  A.  &  G.  50:3;  501 
and  b,  505,  506,  507;  11.  621,  623  and  1,  628. 

3.  The  Supine.  .340  entire;  A.  &  G.  509,  510  and  N.  2; 
il.  632  and  1,  633,  635  and  1,  2,  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  fTnem  orandi  fecit,  he  made  an  c"''   ^  entreating.     (1) 

2.  cupidus  bellandi,  fond  of  loaging  %car.     (1) 

3.  ea  quae  ad  proficiscendura  pertinebant,  tJw^e   things  ivhich 

had  to  do  with  their  setting  out.     (1) 

4.  reperiebat  etiam  in  quaerendo  Caesar,  Caesar  also  found  out 

upon  inquiring.     (1) 

5.  Galli  subito   belli  renovandi  legionisque   opprimendae  con- 

silium cej)erunt,  the  Gauls  suddenly  formed  the  jdan  of 
renexrAng  the  vxir  and  crushing  the  legion.     (2) 

6.  in  spem   potiundorum  castrorum   venire,    to    come   into   the 

expectation  of  getting  possession  of  the  camp.     (2) 

7.  paratiores  ad  omnia  pericula  subeunda,  bettc^  prepared  for 

undergoing  all  dangers.     (2) 

8.  sui  colligendi  ^  hostibus  facultatera  non  reliquit,  he  did  not 

leave  to   the   enemy  the   opportunity   of  collecting   them- 
selvis.     (2) 

9.  legatos  ad  Caesarem   mitturt   rogatum  auxilium,  they  sent 

envoys  to  Caesar  to  ask  help.      (3) 
10,    horridiores  sunt  aspectii,  they  are  wilder  to  look  upon.     (3) 

87 


88  The  Gerund. 


Note  on  the  Examples. 

1.    Colligendi  agrees   merely  in   form  with  sul ;  in  sense  it  is 
plural. 

VOCABULARY. 


beginning,  initium,  i,  n. 
Casticus,  Casticus,  i,  m. 
difficulty,  difficultas,  talis.  /. 
end,  finis,  is,  m. 
excuse,  piirgo,  1. 
forage,    procure    forage,    pabu- 
lor,  1. 


gain   possession    of,   potior,    iri, 

itus. 
matter,  res.  rei,  /. 
regal  power,  regnum,  I,  n. 
skilled  in,  peritus,  a,  um  ;  with 

gen. 
such,  talis,  e. 


EXERCISE, 

1.  This  day  had  been  set  for  attacking*  all  the  winter 
quarters  of  Caesar,  2.  He  said  that  this  thing  was 
easy  to  do.  3.  Caesar  says  that  the  Germans  came  to 
his  camp^  on  the  following  day  for  the  sake  of  excusing 
themselves.  4.  Such  were  the  difficulties  of  waging 
war  in  these  places,  5.  They  thought  that  there  was 
enough  time  for  accomplishing-  all  these  matters. 
6.  He  sent  me  to  ask  that  you  spare  him.  7.  These 
horsemen  came  to  procure  forage.  8.  They  remained 
at  home  for  the  sake  of  preserving  themselves.  9.  Cas- 
ticus and  Orgetorix  formed  a  conspiracy  for  gaining 
possession '■' of  the  regal  power.  10.  We  finally  made  an 
end  of  following.  11.  As  soon  as  our  men  made  a  be- 
ginning of  crossing,  the  enemy  attacked  them.  12.  The 
Veneti  were  skilled  in  sailing. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  for  attacking :  use  the  dative. 

2.  his  camp  :  249.  3  ;  A.  &  G.  300.  2.  h  ;  H.  509.  6. 

3.  for  accomplishing  ;  for  naming  possession  :  express  by  ad. 


The   Gerund.  89 


REVIEW. 

1.  Having  heard  of  the  revolt^  of  the  Haetlui,  the 
Bellovaci  began  to  p?'e})are  for  war.  2.  In  the  third 
watch  he  ordered  them  to  break  camp  and  advance 
silently  four  miles  and  to  await  him  there.  3.  Caesar 
rebnked^  the  soldiers  because  they  thought  they  knew 
what  ought  to  be  done.  4.  It  concerned  the  common 
safety  that  these  forces  be  kept  apart.^  5.  The  rest  of 
the  legions  did  not  hear  the  sound'*  of  the  trumpet,*  be- 
cause wide  valleys  lay  between.^  G.  The  cavalry  fol- 
lowed the  Suessiones  before  they  should  recover^  from 
fear.  7.  They  made  their  departure  seem^  like  a  flight. 
8.  He  showed  the  lieutenants  whom  he  had  placed  in 
charge  of  the  separate"  legions  what  he  wished  to  be 
done.  9.  "Wondering '°  why  they  had  withdrawn  from 
the  shore,  Caesar  inquired  of  captives  the  cause. 
10.  When  he  ordered  this  man  to  be  arrested,  he  learned 
that  he  had  fled  a  little  (while)  before.  11.  He  said 
that  the  Haedui  were  the  only  state  which  interfered 
with"  the  most  certain  triumph^- of  Gaul.  12.  It  was 
resolved  that  Litaviccus  should  be  placed  in  charge  of 
these  troops. 

Sug'gestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  having  heard  of  the  revolt:  exjjress  by  tlie  Ablative  Abso- 
lute  ;  for  revolt  use  defectiS,  onis,  f . 

2.  rebuke :  reprehendo,  ere,  hendi,  hensus. 

3.  keep  apart:  distineo,  ere,  ui. 

4.  sound:  sonus,  i,  m. 

5.  trumpet:  tuba,  ae  f. 

6.  lie  hetvjeen  :  intercedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus. 

7.  recover:  se  recipere  (recipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus"). 


90  The   Gerund. 


8.  made,  their  departure  seem:  translate:  made  that  their  de 
parture  seemed. 

9.  separate :  singuli,  ae,  a. 

''0.    wondering :  see  Lesson  XXIX,  P^xample  10. 

11.  interfere  unth  ;  distineo,  ere,  ul,  lit.  put  off. 

12.  triumph  ;  victoria,  ae,  f 


SUPPLEMENTARY   EXERCISES   IN 
CONTINUED   DISCOURSE. 

13.* 

Intrigues  of  Dumnorix. 

When  Caesar  set  out  a  second  time  ^  for  Britain,  he 
took  with  him  all  the  chiefs  whom  he  feared.  Among 
these  was  Dumnorix,  who,  (just)  as  he  was  most  popular^ 
with^  the  common  people  of  the  Gauls,  so  was  a  most 
bitter*  enemy  of  the  Romans.  A  little  while  before,  he 
had  said  to  the  Haedui  that  Caesar  had  decided  to  make 
him^  kiug.  Though  this  was  not  true,  it  stirred  up  great 
indignation^  among  the  Haeduans ;  nor  was  it  pleasing' 
to  Caesar,  wlio  was  unwilling  to  leave  Gaul,  unless  the 
Haeduans  should  be*^  of  a  good  disposition  towards  him." 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  a  second  time  :  iterum. 

2.  popular:  acceptus,  a,  um. 

.3.    vjith :  translate :  to. 

4.  hitter:  acerbus,  a,  um. 

5.  him :  ipsum. 

6.  indirjnation  :  dolor,  oris,  m. 

7.  pleading:  gratus,  a,  um. 

8.  sJiould  he:  this  is  a  Subordinate  Clause  of  Indirect  Discourse 
and  must  stand  in  the  subjunctive. 

9.  him  :  use  the  reflexive. 

*  Twelve  passages  of  continued  discourse  have  been  interspersed 
among  the  preceding  lessons. 

91 


92         Exercises  in   Continued  Discourse. 

14. 

Intrigues  of  Dumnorix  {continued). 
Dumnorix  was  unwilling  to  go  with  Caesar,  because  he 
saw  that  he  would  never  again  find  so  good  an  oppor- 
tunity of  conspiring  against  the  Koman  people.  Accord- 
ingly he  begged  that  he  might  be  permitted'  to  remain  at 
home;  (saying)  that  he  was  inexperienced  in  sailing  and 
feared  the  sea ;  that  besides  there  were  religious  observ- 
ances^ which  he  could  not  perform,  unless  he  should 
remain  in  Gaul.  When  this  had  been  refused  by  Caesar, 
Dumnorix  then  tried  to  persuade  the  other  chiefs  to  remain 
at  home  against  Caesar's  wishes.^ 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise 

1.  that  he  mitjJit  he  permitted :  translate:  that  it  might  be  per- 
mitted to  him. 

2.  religious  observances :  use  the  plural  of  religio,  onis,  f. 

3.  against  Caesar's  loishes  :  trans,\a,te:   Caesar  being  unwilling. 

15. 

Intrigues  of  Dumnorix  (continued). 

..n  order  to  accomplish  this  purpose,^  Dumnorix  said 
that  Caesar  was  taking -them  all  to  Britain  that  he  might 
put  them  to  death,  and  that  no  one  of  those  who  went' 
would  ever  return  to  Gaul.  All  these  things  were  reported 
to  Caesar  through  spies.*  Meanwhile  the  ships  were  de^ 
tained  by  adverse  ^  winds ''  in  the  Portus  Itius."  When 
finally  a  favorable*  wind  sprang  up^  and  Caesar  was  set- 
ting sail,^"  Dumnorix  along  with  the  cavalry  of  the 
Haeduans  began  to  return  home. 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse.  93 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  accomplish  this  i^urpose :  translate:  accomplish  (impetro,  1^ 
ihese  things. 

2.  take :  adduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus. 

3.  icent :  translate:  should  have  gone. 

4.  spy  :  speculator,  oris,  m. 

5.  adverse  :  adversus,  a,  um. 

6.  tvind ;  ventus,  I,  in, 

7.  Portus  Itius :  Portus  Itius.  Portus  Itii,  m. 

8.  favorable :  secundus,  a,  um. 

9.  spring  up :  coorior,  iri,  coortus. 

10.   set  sail :  naves  solvo,  ere,  solvi,  solutus,  lit .  loose  or  unmooi 
the  ships. 

16. 

Death  of  Dumnorix. 
As  Dumnorix  and  his  horsemen  began  to  flee,  Caesar 
immediately  stopped  ^  the  departure  and  sent  cavalry  to 
overtake  him  and  kill  (him)  if  he  should  attempt  to  resist. 
When  Caesar's  cavalry  demanded  that  Dumnorix  should 
surrender,  he  began  to  defend  himself  by  violence  -  and  to 
implore^  the  assistance  of  his  (followers).  When  these 
hesitated*  to  bear  him  aid,  he  was  cut  down^  by  the 
Romans,  shouting''  that  he  was  free  and  a  citizen  of  a  free 
state.  The  Haeduans  then  returned  with  the  Romar 
cavalry  to  the  Port. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  stop :  intermitto.  ere,  misi,  missus. 

2.  violence:  vis  (vis),  f. 

3.  implore :  imploro,  1. 

4.  hesitate:  dubit5,  1. 

5.  cut  dovni :  translate:  killed 

6.  shout:  clamito,  1. 


94         Exercises  in  Co7itinued  Discourse. 

17. 

Conditions  in  Gaul  In  the  Winter  of  54  B.C. 

In  that  year  in  which  Caesar  had  crossed  the  second 
time  into  Britain,  tlie  harvest  had  been  poor.*  In  order 
therefore  to  secure  enough  grain,  it  was  necessary  to  dis- 
tribute the  legions  tlrat  winter  in  many  places.  Fearing 
an  uprising,  he  decided  to  pass  the  winter  among  the 
Belgae,  and  stationed  one  legion  among  the  j\[orini,  who 
had  recently  ^  surrendered  to  Labienus.  Another,  in 
charge  of  which  he  had  placed  Quintus  Cicero,  brother 
of  Marcus,  he  stationed  among  the  Xervii ;  three  others 
he  sent  among  the  Bellovac.i ;  one  was  led  to  Aduatuca, 
which  ^  is  a  town  of  the  Eburones.* 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  See  Lesson  XV,  Example  7. 

2.  recently:  translate:  a  little  before 

3.  See  Lesson  III,  Example  7. 

4.  Ehurones :  Eburones,  um,  m. 

18. 

Assassination  of  Tasgetius. 

In  those  states  in  which  the  nobles  had  driven  out  the 
kings,  Caesar  was  wont  ^  to  reward  with  regal  power  the 
chiefs  who  had  lent  help  to  him.  One  of  these,  Tasge- 
tius,^  he  made  king  of  tlie  Carnutes,^  a  tribe  which* 
dwelt  between  the  Seine '^  and  the  Loire.^  How  he  used 
his  power,  we  do  not  know;  but  soon  after*'  Caesar  re- 
turned from  Britain,  Tasgetius  Avas  assassinated.  As 
soon  as  Caesar  heard  of  this,  he  sent  Plancus  with  one 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse.         95 

legion  to  arrest  all  avIio  had  been  j^articiDants ^  in*  the 
deed  and  to  prevent  the  rest  from  revolting. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  he  wont :  soleo,  ere,  solitus,  semi-dep. 

2.  Tasgetius  :  Tasgetius,  i,  m. 

3.  Carmites :  Carnutes,  um,  m. 

4.  a  tribe  which  dwelt :  translate  :  which  tribe  dwelt. 

5.  Seine:   Sequana,  ae,  m.  ;   Loire,  Liger,  is,  m. ;  ace.  sing., 
Ligerim. 

6.  soon  after:  translate:  after  by  a  little.     Note  that  after  is 
here  the  conj. 

7.  participants:  participes,  um,  m. 

8.  in :  translate :  of. 

19. 

Indutiomarus. 
The  murder  of  Tasgetius  showed  of  what  disposition 
the  Carnutes  were  towards  the  Komans.  There  was  also 
a  chief  of  the  Treveri,  Indutiomarus  by  name,  who  al- 
ready for  a  long  time  had  been  hostile  to  Caesar.  Annu- 
ally he  called  together  all  the  Gallic  chieftains  in  order 
that  he  might  test  ^  their  temper.^  Caesar,  fearing  that 
the  state  of  the  Treveri  might  revolt,  having  gathered  a 
large  force,  marched  into  their  territory  before  he  set 
out  for  Britain,  in  order  that  he  might  restore  the  prestige 
of  the  Roman  people. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  test:  tempto,  1. 

2.  temper :  animus,  i,  in. 

20. 

Indutiomarus  (/■o/itinwd). 
When  Caesar  came  among ^  the  Treveri,  he  found  two 
chieftains,  Indutiomarus  and  Cingetorix,^  who  were  con- 


96  Exercises  in   Continued  Discourse. 

tending  with  each  otlier  for  the  su])remacy.^  The  lattei 
at  once  came  to  Caesar  and  informed  him  what  was  being 
done  by  Indutiomarus.  He*  meanwliile  had  gathered 
troops  and  was  pre})aring  to  fight.  ^Nfany  (of  the)  sena- 
tors, however,  in(hic(Hl^  by  the  antliority  of  Cingetorix, 
because  they  knew  how  powerful  the  lloman  legions 
were,*'  came  to  Caesar's  camp  and  put  themselves  under 
his  protection.''  Tlien  Indutiomarus,  since  he  saw  that 
no  one  lent  him  help,  attempted  to  excuse  himself. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  among :  use  in  with  the  ace. 

2.  Cingetorix :  Cingetorix,  igis,  m. 

3.  supremacy  :  principatus,  Qs,  m. 

4.  he :  ille. 

5.  induced:  adductus,  a,  um. 

6.  how  powerful  the  lioman  legions  ivere  :  translate  :  hovj  much 
the  Boman  legions  icere  able  ;  Lesson  IV,  J^xample  G. 

7.  put  oneself  under  the  protection  :  se  dedere  in  fidem  (alicujus), 

21. 

Indutiomarus  {continued). 
Caesar,  since  he  thought  he  ought  to  set  out^  at  once, 
demanded  nothing  except  hostages  from  Indutiomarus. 
At  the  same  tiine  he  did  all  things  which  he  could  for 
increasing  the  prestige  -  of  Cingetorix.  The  next  winter, 
after  Caesar  had  returned  from  Britain,  Indutiomarus, 
who  resented  (the  fact)  that^  his  power  among  his  (coun- 
trymen) had  been  impaired,  began  to  seek  an  opportu- 
nity of  avenging  the  injury.  This  was  easier  because 
the  Eoman  camps  which  had  been  established  among 
the  Belgians  were  far  distant  fromi  each  other,  so  that 
one  ■*  could  not  lend  lielp  to  another. 


-Exercises  in   Continued  Discourse.         97 


Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  that  he  ought  to  set  out :  translate  :  that  it  ought  to  be  set  out 
by  hi77i  (impersonal  construction). 

2.  fur  increasing  the  prestige :  use  the  gerundive  construction 
with  ad. 

3.  resent  (the  fact)  that:  moleste  fero  (ferre,  tuii,  latus),  lit., 
bear  hard:  f(.)llo^ved  by  the  inf.  with  subj.  ace. 

4.  one  .  .  .  to  another :  see  Lesson  XVII,  Example  9. 

22. 

The  Attack  on  Aduatuca. 

Ten  days  after -^  the  legions  had  fortiiied  their  camp  at 
Aduatuca  among  the  Eburones,  Indutiomariis  persuaded 
Ambioi'ix^  and  Catuvolcus,-  each  of  whom  held  one  half^ 
of  the  lands  of  the  Eburones,  to  attack  the  Roman  camp. 
Caesar  was  more  than  two  hundred  miles  away.  In  the 
camp,  in  charge  of  wdiich  w'cre  Sabinus  and  Cotta,  there 
were  scarcely  six  thousand  soldiers,  of  wdiom  the  larger 
part  had  jnst''  been  enrolled.  The  Gauls  thought  there- 
fore that  au  excellent  opportunity  *  of  securing  possession 
of  the  camp''  had  been  offered  them. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  ten  days  after :  translate:  after  Inj  ten  days  than  (quam). 

2.  Ambiorix:  Ambiorix,  igis,  m.  ;  Catuvolcus:  Catuvolcus, 
i,  m. 

3.  one  half:  dimidia  pars,  dimidiae  partis,  f. 

4.  just :  proxime. 

5.  excellent  opportunity  :  the  Latin  expresses  this  by  summa  (or 
maxima)  facultas. 

n.  of  securing  possession  of  the  camp :  see  Lesson  XXX,  Ea 
ample  6. 


98         Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse. 

23. 

The  Attack  on  Aduatuca  {continued). 
A  few  clays  afterwards  Anibiorix  and  Catuvolcus,  hav- 
ing gathered  a  hirge  band  of  their  (tribesmen),  sud- 
denly attacked  the  camp  of  the  llomans.  But  the  camp 
was  strongly  ^  fortified  and  had  been  placed  on  high 
ground.-  Our  men  quickly  took  arms  and  mounted^  the 
rampart.'*  Meanwhile  (some)  Spanish  horsemen,  having 
made  a  sally,  ^  drove  back  the  Gauls  with  great  slaughter. 
Then  their  leaders  begged  that  some  one  would  come  out 
from  the  camp  to  confer  with  tliem.  Two  lloman  knights 
were  accordingly  sent  to  them. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  strongly :  egregie,  lit.  pxrpUentJy. 

2.  on  high  ground  :  superiore  loco. 

3.  mount:  ascend5,  ere,  endi.  ensus. 

4.  rampart :  vallum,  i,  n. 

5.  having  made  a  sally :  translate  :  a  sally  having  been  made. 

24. 
Ambiorix's  Speech  to  the  Romans. 
Three  years  before,  Caesar  had  relieved  Ambiorix  from 
the  tribute  which  he  had  been  forced  to  pay  to  the 
Aduatuci,  and  had  also  restored  to  him  his  son  and  his 
brother's  son,  Avhom  the  Aduatuci  held  as  hostages.  In 
the  beginning  of  his  speech  Ambiori.K  mentioned  these 
favors  and  declared  that  he  desired  to  make  a  return^  for^ 
them.  Ke  said  that  he  had  not"  attacked  the  camp  of  his 
own  accord,  but  forced  by  his  tribesmen.  These  he  said 
would  not  have  brought  war  on  the  Romans,  unless  they 


Exercises  in   Continued  Discourse.         09 


had  been  compelled  by  the   common  conspiracy  of  all 

the  Gauls. 

SuggGstions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  make  a  return  :  gratiam  refero  (ferre,  rettuli,  relatus). 

2.  for:  pro,  prep,  with  abl. 

3.  said  that  .  .  .  not:  for  '  say  that  not,'  the  Latin  regularly 
uses  nego,  are,  avi,  atus. 

25, 

Ambiorix's  Speech  (r-onthiued). 

Ambiorix  added':  That  his  very  weakness^  proved^ 
that  he  was  speaking  the  truth,'*  for  lie  was  not  so  foolish^ 
as  to  think  that  his  forces  could  resist  tlie  Komans ;  that 
the  states  of  Gaul  had  leagued  themselves  together"  for 
the  recovery  of  their  freedom ;''  that  on  that  very  day  all 
the  Roman  camps  would  be  attacked  at  one  and  the  same 
time;  let  Sabinus  therefore  be  on  his  guard  ;'^  a  very 
large  multitude  of  Germans  also  had  crossed  the  Eliine 
and  would  attack  him  within  a  few  days. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  add:  addo,  ere,  addidi,  ditus. 

2.  weakness :  humilitas,  atis,  f. 

3.  prove  :  probo,  1 . 

4.  speak  the  truth:  vera  dico  (ere,  dixi,  dictus),  lit.  speak  trite 
things. 

5.  foolish :  stultus,  a,  um. 

0.  league  themselves  together:  translate:  conspire  among 
themselves. 

7.  for  the  recovery  (f  the  freedom  :  translate:  fir  freedom  to  be 
recovered  (Gerundive  Construction).     For  recover  use  recupero,  1. 

8.  let  him  he  on  his  guard:  an  Imperative  Clause  in  hulinict 
Discourse;  hence  the  subjunctive  is  to  be  used. 


100       Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse. 


26. 

Ambiorix's  Speech  (continued). 

If  the  two  generals  would  follow  his  advice,  they 
would  abandon  their  eanip  at  once  and  hasten  to  the 
winter  quarters  of  Cicero  or  Labienus  lie  promised 
that  no  oue  would  attempt  to  attack  them  on  the  march. 

After  he  had  delivered  this  speech/  Amhiorix  with- 
drew, and  the  two  knights  returned  to  the  camp  and 
reported  to  Sabinus  and  Cotta  what  they  had  heard. 
These  thought  that  the  words  of  Ambiorix  ought  not  to 
be  despised ;  and  that  one  tribe  would  not  have  dared  to 
make  Avar  on  the  Roman  people,-  unless  it  were  relying 
upon  the  help  of  the  others.''' 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  after  he  had  delivered  tliiti  speech:  imuslate  :  this  speech 
having  been  delivered. 

2.  on  the  linman  people  :  use  the  dat. 

3.  the  others:  i.e.  the  other  tribes. 

27. 

A  Council  of  War  is  Held. 

Accordingly  the  tribunes  and  centurions  of  the  first 
rank'  were  summoned  to  a  council  (of  war),  which  was 
held^  in  the  middle  of  the  camp.  Cotta  spoke  first, 
(saying)  that  without  the  order  ^  of  Caesar  they  ought  not 
to  leave  the  eamp  ;  that  (protected)  by  their  fortifications 
they  could  resist  all  enemies  who  could  be  led  against 
them  ;  that  they  had  already  repulsed  those  who  had 
attacked  the  camp;  that  a  large  supply*  of  grain  was  on 
hand  and  that  more  was  expected   daily ;  ^   finally  that 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse.       101 

nothing  was  more  foolish  than  to  follow  the  advice  of  an 

enemy. 

Sug-g-estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  of  the  first  rank  :  priml  pili  (gen.). 

2.  hold:  habeo,  ere,  ui.  itus. 

3.  icithout  the  order  :  injussu. 

4.  supply :  copia,  ae,  f . 

5.  daily:  cottidie. 

28. 

The  Council  of  War  (continued). 
]\rost  (of  the)  tribunes  and  centurions  were  of  the  same 
opinion,  but  Sabinus  said  that  the  Eburones  would  not 
have  attacked  them  unless  they  knew  that  Caesar  had 
already  gone  back  to  Italy ;  that  from  him  therefore  no 
help  could  be  expected  ;  that  the  (Jermans,  who  dwelt 
near  by/  and  the  Gauls  desired  to  avenge  the  wrongs 
they  had  suffered;  that  he  himself  urged  that  they  with- 
draw ;  that  if  Ambiorix  had  told  the  truth, ^  this  was 
their  one  hope  of  safety;  if  he  had  spoken  falsely,^ 
they  incurred  ^  no  risk. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  near  by :  prope. 

2.  tdl  the  truth,  speak  falsely :  vera  dicere,  falsa  dicere  (say 
true  thin'js,  say  false  things). 

3.  incur :  subeo,  ire  ii,  itus. 

29. 

The  Romans  Decide  to  March  Out. 

Although  Sabinus  could  not  })ersuade  the  tribunes  and 

centurions  that  this  was  best^  to  do,^  yet  tlie  rest  yielded 

to  him,  and  tlie  command  was  given ^  to  nuirch  out  from 

the   camp   at   dawn.'*       Aleanwhile   Ambiorix    and   the 


102       Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse. 

Ebiiroiies,  hearing  the  voices^  from  the  camp,  perceived 
that  the  Koinans  had  decided  to  follow  their  advice,  and 
prepared  to  attack  them  from  an  ambush,  as  they  marched® 
(along).  That  night  they  hid  ^  themselves  in  the  woods* 
Through  which  the  road  led,^  and  there  awaited  the 
approach  of  the  Romans. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  that  this  vxtft  best:  express  by  the  inf. 

2.  to  do  :  Lesson  XXX,  Example  10. 

3.  the  command  icas  given  :  translate  :  it  was  commanded. 

4.  at  dau-n  :  prima  liice,  lit.  at  first  light. 

5.  hearing  voices:  translate  by  the  Ablative  Absolute;  voices 
having  being  heard. 

0.  as  they  marched :  translate  :   (them)  marching,  the  participle. 

7.  hide:  abdo,  ere,  didi,  ditus. 

8.  in  the  woods:  the  Latin  idiom  is:  into  the  woods. 

9.  lead :  f ero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 

30. 
The  Romans  are  Overwhelmec. 

Sabiniis  had  decided  to  go  to  the  cam;?  of  Cicero. 
When  they  had  marched  about  two  miles,  the  Eomans 
come  to  a  defile.^  The  last  cohort  had  entered  this,  when 
suddenly  Ambiorix  and  the  Ebnrones  rushed  forth  ^  from 
the  woods  and  attacked  the  Roman  army  So  sudden 
■was  the  onset  and  so  crowded  were  the  cohorts  that  they 
could  not  withstand  the  mtdtitude  of  Gauls  who  pressed 
upon '  them  ]N[ost  (of  them)  were  killed  ;  a  very  few 
escaped  through  the  woods  to  the  camp  of  Labienus. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  defile  :  angustiae.  arum,  f. 

2.  rush  forth  :  se  eicere  (eici5,  ere.  ejeci,  ejectus). 

3.  press  upon :  urgeo,  ere,  ursi  ;  trans. 


Exercises  in  Conthiued  Discoiirse.       103 
31. 

The  Attack  on  Quintus  Cicero. 

After  this  victory  Anibiorix  did  not  delay,  but  set  out 
immediately  with  his  horsemen  for^  the  camp  of  Quintus 
Cicero,  which  was  about  forty-five  miles  away ;  the  in- 
fantry he  ordered  to  follow  him.  On  the  following  day 
he  came  into  the  territory  of  the  Xervii,  Avho  had  not  for- 
gotten the  battle  in  which,  three  years  before,  Caesar  had 
reduced  their  tribe  nearly  to  extinction.^  Anibiorix  told 
their  chiefs  that  Cicero's  camp  was  near  by  ;'^  why  should 
they  not  do*  as  he  had  done,^  attack*  the  legion,  and 
recover  *  their  freedom  ? 

Sug-g-^stions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  for :  ad. 

2.  extinction  :  internecio,  onis,  f. 

3.  near  by:  use  the  adjective,  finitimus,  a,  um. 

4.  ichy  should  they  not  do,  etc.  :  for  the  mood,  see  Lesson 
XXVII,  Example  7. 

5.  as  he  had  done  :  a  Subordinate  Clause  in  Indirect  Discourse. 

32. 

The  Attack  on  Quintus  Cicero  {continued). 

Kindled^  by  these  words  of  Anibiorix,  the  Kervii  and 
other  neighboring  tribes  joined^  themselves  with  the 
Eburones,  and  the  whole  multitude  set  out  for  the  Eoman 
camp.  Our  men,  as  soon  as  they  saw  the  Gauls  approach- 
ing, quickly  rushed  ''  to  arms  and  mounted  the  rampart  *  to 
ward  off  the  enemy  Cicero  immediately  sent  messengers 
to  inform  Caesar  of  the  danger,  and  ])romised  them  large 
rewards,  if  they  should  deliver^  the  letters.     jNIean while 


104       Exercises  in   Continued  Discourse. 

to  tlie  Gauls,  asking  a  conference,  Cicero  replied  that  the 
Romans  never  accepted  terms  from  an  enemy  in  arms.^ 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  kindled:  incitatus,  a,  um. 

2.  jcjin :  conjungd,  ere,  jiinxi,  junctus. 

3.  rush:  concurro,  ere,  curri,  cursum. 

4.  mount  the  rampart:  see  Selection  28,  Suggestions  3,  4. 
6.   deliver:  defero,  ferre,  lull,  latus. 

6.   in  arms :  use  tlie  adj.,  armatus,  a,  um. 

33. 

The  Message  in  the  Spear-Shaft. 
When  the  messengers  whom  Cicero  had  sent  to  Caesar 
had  been  captured  in  sight  of  the  Romans,  Cicero  by 
promises  of  the  largest  rewards  persuaded  a  Gaul  whom 
he  had  in  the  camp,  to  try  to  make  his  Avay^  to  Caesar. 
The  letter  which  C'icero  gave  him  was  concealed-  in 
a  spear.  Carrying  this  the  Gaul  easily  made  his  way'^ 
to  Caesar,  and  informed  him  of  the  dangers  of  Cicero 
and  the  legion.  On  the  following  day  Caesar  set  out 
with  one  legion  and  about  four  hundred^  cavalry,  and 
hastened  to  come  to  Cicero's  aid. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  maJce  one^s  v-ay :  pervenio.  Ire,  veni,  ventum. 

2.  conceal:  celo,  1. 

3.  four  hundred :  quadringenti,  ae,  a. 

34. 

The  Gauls  Raise  the  Siege. 
As  soon  as  the  Gauls  heard  that  Caesar  was  approach- 
ing, they  set  out  to  intercept'  his  army  and  cut  it  to 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse.      105 

pieces.  That  night  Caesar  was  informed  of  their  depar- 
ture through  a  letter  of  Cicero,  and  encouraged  his  men 
for  the  conflict.-  On  the  following  day,  having  advanced 
about  four  miles,  he  came  to  a  sn-all  stream,  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  ^  which  the  enemy  were  waiting.  Soon  their 
)'iorsemen  crossed  the  stream  and  oifered  battle  to  our 
jj'icn,  who  by  Caesar's  order  at  once  retreated. 

Suggestions  on  the  Elxercise. 

1.  intercept:  intercipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus. 

2.  fur  the  conflict:  ad  dimicandum. 

3.  on  the  opposite  side  of:  ultra,  prep,  with  ace. 

35. 

The  Gauls  are  Defeated. 
Caesar  had  ])itched  his  camp  on  the  top  of  a  hill, 
and  had  ordered  his  men  to  remain  within  the  fortilica- 
tions  in  order  to  give  ^  the  appearance  of  panic.  Thus  it 
happened  that  the  Gauls  boldly  advanced  up  hill  -  against 
the  camp,  thinking  that  they  would  easily  defeat  the 
Ptomans.  They  had  arrived  at  the  ditch  and  were  fill- 
ing it  up,  when  suddenly  from  all  sides  the  Romans  fell 
apon  ^  tliem  and  ])ut  them  to  rout.  About  the  ninth  ^ 
hour  on  that  same  day  Caesar's  legions  arrived  at  Cicero's 

3amp. 

Sugg-estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  f/irp.-  hcii;  use  praebeo.  ere,  ui.  itus. 

2.  np  hill :  colle  adverso.  III.  the  hill  heiug  against. 

3.  fall  njiiiii  :  adorior,  iri,  ortus. 

4.  ninth :  nonus,  a,  um. 


VOCABULARY 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY. 

Note. — Words  enclosed  in  parenthesis  are  not  themselves  defined 
but  are  inserted  to  assist  ia  the  definition  of  other  words,  lleguhu 
verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  are  indicated  by  the  numeral  1  following 
the  present  indicative. 


abandon,  desero,  ere,  m,  sertus. 
able,  be   able,  possum,  posse, 

potui. 
abode,  domiciliuin,  I,  n. 
about,    concerning,    de,    2^''C2-'- 

wiUi  ahl. 
u'ith  numerals,  fere, 
absence,  absentia,  ae,  /. 
absent,  absens,  oiitis. 
absent,    be    absent,   alisum, 

esse,  afuT,  afutfirus. 
accept,  afcipiu,  ere,  cej)T,  eop- 

tus. 
accompanied  by,  eoinitatiis,  a, 

uiti,  n\  .simple  ahl. 
accompany,  comitor,  1. 
accomplice,  socius,  I,  m. 
accomplish,    clTieio,    ere,    foel, 

fcctus  ;    ])crficid,  ere,  l'rc\, 

f(K;tus  ;    eouficid,  ere,  feci, 

fcctus. 
accord,      (of     one's)      accord, 

spontc,  ahl.  .si/iij.  fcDi. 
accordingly,  itacjUf. 
(account;,  on  account  of,  ijrop- 

tcr,    prej).    villi,    arr. ;     on 

that  account,  ijroplcna.. 
accuse,  Tnsinuild,  1  ;  accusu,  1. 
accustomed,    am     accustomed, 

perfecl  l<  ii.si'.s  of  cdnsucscri, 

ore,  suovl,  suetus. 


achieve,  gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestiis. 
acquainted,  be  acquainted  with, 

perfect  tenses  of  cognoseo, 
ere,  novi,  nitus. 

acquit,  absolvo,  ere,  solvl,  so- 
lutus. 

acquittal,  absolfitio,  onis,  /. 

across,  trans,  prep,  icith  ace. 

act  {noun),  factum,  T,  n. 

act  {verb),  ago,  ero,  cgT,  actus. 

add,  addd,  ere,  didi,  ditiis; 
be  added,  accGdo,  ere, 
cossT,  ccssilrus ;  literally, 
upprodcJt;  it  is  added, 
accedit,  vn\  accessit. 

adjudge,  judicd,  1. 

administer,  admiuislro,  1. 

admire,  admlror,  i. 

Aduatuca,  Aduatuca,  a(\  /. 

Aduatuci,  Adiiatuci,  drum,  m. 

advance,  jM-dgrcdior,  T,  grcssus 
sum. 

advantage,  filililas,  ati--,  /.  ; 
coinmodiiiii,  J,  /;.  ;  usus, 
us,  ///. 

advice,  cdnsilium,  T,  /;. 

advise,  rnoncd,  ere,  uT,  ilus. 

affair,  rds,  n  i",  /. 

affect,  ;iftlcid,  ore,  feci,  fcctus. 

afraid,  be  afraid,  timcd,crc,  uL 

after,  conj.,  j)osi(iuatn 


Ncio  Latin  Co7nposition. 


after,  prep.,  post,  with  ncc. 
afterwards,  postea. 
again,  a  second  time,  iterum. 
against,  in,  prep,  with  ace. 
against,    contrary   to,    contra, 

prep,  with  ace. 
(age),   at  the   age   of,   natus, 

construed  with  tfie  ace.  of 

the  age. 
ago,  ante,  adv. 

agriculture,  agricultura,  ao,  /. 
aid,  subsidiiim,  I,  n. ;  auxilium, 

I,  n. 
air,  spiritus,  iis,  m. 
Aisne,  Axona,  ae,  tn. 
alarm,  commoveo,  ere,  movi, 

motus. 
Alesia,  Alesia,  ae,  /. 
alive,  vivus,  a,  um. 
all,  omnis,  e. 

all   the   best,   noblest,   etc., 

quisque,  with  ■■^upcrl. 
allies,  soeii,  orum,  m. 
Allobroges,    Allobroges,     um, 

in. 
allow,    sino,    ore,    sivl,    situs ; 

patior,  1,  passus. 
almost,  paone. 
alone,  finus,  a,  um. 
along,   una, ;    along  with,    una 

cum. 
Alps,  Alpes,  ium,  /. 
already,  jam. 

already  for  a  long  time,  jam 

diu. 
also,  etiam  ;  quoque,  post-posi- 
tive. 
although,  though,  quamquam  ; 

etsi ;  quamvis  ;  cum. 
always,  semper. 


ambassador,  legatus,  I,  ?«. 
ambush,  insidiae,  arum,  /. 
among,  apud,  prep,  with  ace. 
among,     between,     in     the 

midst     of,     inter,     prep. 

with  ace. 
among,    in,    in,    prep,    with 

abl.  or  ace. 
ancestors,  majores,  um,  m. 
ancient,  antlquus,  a,  um  ;  pris- 

tinus,  a,  um. 
and,     et ;  -que     (enclitic) ;  at- 

que. 
and  not,  neve,  neu ;  neque. 
and  yet,  quamquam  ;   atqul. 
anger,  ii-a,  ae,  /. 
angry,  iratus,  a,  um. 
animal,  animal,  alis,  n. 
announce,  nfuitio,  1. 
annually,  quotannis. 
another,  alius,  a,  ud. 
answer      (noun),    responsum, 

1,  n. 
answer  (verb),  respoiideo,  ere, 

spondr,  s])oiisum. 
Antonius,  Antoiiius,  i,  tyi. 
anxious,  sollicitiis,  a,  um. 
any,  lillus,  a,  um. 
anybody,    any   one,    anything, 

quisquam,  quaequam, 

quicquam  ;   quis,  quid, 
appearance,  species,  el,  /. 
appease,  placo,  1. 
Appian  Way,  Api)ia  Via,  ae,  /. 
Appius,  Appiiis,  1,  7)1. 
appoint,     eoastituo,    ere,     ul 

fitus. 
appoint,   elect,  creo,  1  ;  ap- 
point    (a    dictator),    dico. 

ere,  dLxi,  dietus. 


Vocabulary. 


approach,  adventus,  us,  m. 

approach  somebody  or  some- 
thing, adeo,  ire,  ii,  itus 
{trans.)  ;  approach  {in- 
trans.),  appropinquo,  1  ; 
accedS,  ere,  eessi,  cessu- 
rus.  followed  by  ad  with 
ace. 

approve,  probo,  1. 

(April),  cf  April,  Aprilis,  e. 

Aquileia,  Aquileia,  ae,  /. 

Aquitania,  Aquitania,  ae,  /. 

archer,  Scigittarius,  I,  ?«. 

Ariovistus,  Ariovistus,  i,  m. 

arise,    spring   up,   eoorior,  irl, 
eocrtus ;  orior,  irl,  ortus. 
arise,  stand  up,  surgo,  ere, 
surrexT,  surreetum. 

arm,  armo,  1. 

armed,  armatus,  a,  um. 

arms,  weapons,  arma,  orum,  ?;. 

army,  exercitus,  us,  m. 

army  (on  the  march),  agmen, 
inis,  71. 

Arpinum,  Ari)Inum,  I,  ?i. 

arrest  {noun),  coinprehensio, 
onis,  /. 

arrest,  comprehendd,  ere, 
licridl,  heiirius. 

arrival,  adventus,  us,  m. 

arrive,  advenid,  Ire,  veni, 
venliim;  p('r\enio.  Ire, 
venI,  veiitum. 

arrogantly,  Tnsolenter. 

Arverni,  Arvernl,  uruiii,  ni. 

as,  lit. 

as,  when,  cuni  ;   u1  ;   uiii. 
as,    corrclalivc    irlth.  previous 
so  or  as,  ([uam. 

as  =  .so,  tam. 


as  if,     as  though,  velut  si; 

quasi. 
as  long  as,  dum. 
as  not  to,  after  so,  such,  e^c. 
in  a  negative  clause,  quin. 
as  soon  as,  simul  atque  (acj. 
as  to  the  fact  that,  quod, 
ashamed,    it    shames,    pudet. 

ere,  uit,  impersonal. 
Asia,  Asia,  ae,  /. 
ask   {a  question),  rogo ;  inter- 

rogo,  1. 
ask,   inquire   of,   quaero,    ere, 

quaeslvl,  quaesitus. 
ask,         request,     peto,     ere, 
petivl,    petltus ;    oro,    1  ; 
rogo,  1. 
assassinate,  oceldo,  ere,  eldl. 

eisus. 
assassination,  eat-des,  is,  /. 
assault     (noun),    oppugnatio. 

onis,  /. 
assault  (verb),  oppugno,  1. 
assemble  (irUrans.),  eonvenio, 
ir(},  veni,  ventum  ;  trans. 
eon\'()ed,  1. 
assign,  atlrihuo,  ere,  ul,  ulus. 
assist,  adjuvd,  are,  jQvi,  jiltus. 
assistance,  auxiliiim,  i,  /;. 
at,  ad,  prr/).  irilh  ace;  also  in, 
prep,  irilh  fihl. 
fat  hand),  be  at  hand,  ad- 
sum,     esse,     adi'ul,     adl'u- 
turus. 
at  all,  oniiilrd. 
at  first,  prlrtid. 
at  last,  i)osl  rrMud. 
at  least,  snllcni. 
at  once,  stalini. 
Atrebates,  Atrel)ates,  uin,   w. 


Kew  Latin  Composition. 


attack  {nou7i),  impetus,  us,  m. 
attack  {verb),  adorior,  In,  ortus 

sum. 
attack,     assault     (a     town, 

troops,     or      camp]      op- 

\  a^no,  1 
atiack    assail  (^an   individual), 

peto,  ere,  ivi,  Itus. 
attain,  assequor,  I,  seefitus. 
attempt  (/i6M?0,c6nritus,  us.  ni. 
attempt  {verb),  coiior,  1  ;  tem- 

pto,  1. 
attend,  e^company.  ccmitor,  1. 
auspices,  auspieia,  «jrum,  n. 
author,  Auctor,  oris,  m. 
authority,  auetoritas,  atis.  /. 
auxiliaries,  auxilia,  orum,  a. 
avail,  vale5,  ere,  ui,  :turus= 
avarice,  avaritia,  ae,  /. 
avenge   uleiseor,  i,  ultus. 
avoid,  vito,  I. 
await,  (>xsppeto,  \ 
away,    be    away,    be    distant, 

absum,  esse,  atui.  3futu- 

rus. 

B 

Baculus,  Baeulus,  T,  //;. 

bad,  inalus,  a,  um. 

baggage,  impedimenta,  orum, 

71. 

band,  manus,  us,  /. 

bank,  rlpa,  ae,  /. 

bar,      obstrud,      ere,      strfixT, 

slructus. 
barbarians,  ijarbarl,  drum,  m. 
battle,  proelium,  I,  n. ;  pugna, 

ae,  /. 
be,  sum.  esse,  ful,  fulurus. 
>   be   without,   eareo,  ere,   ul, 

iturus. 


bear,  f(>ro,  ferre,  tull,  latus. 
bear  in  mind,  memini,  issGj 

ivith  ace.  or  gen. 
beast   of    burden,   jumenturn, 

1,  n. 
beautiful,       pulcher,        chra, 

ehrum. 
because,  quod  ;   quia  ;  cum. 
become,  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum, 
before,    in    the    presence    of, 

ap-iid,  ad,  preps,  -with  ace; 

in  front  of,  pro,  prep,  ivith 

rbl. 
before  {adv.),  ante;  antea. 
before      (conj.),      autequam, 

oru.squam. 
beg.  r,io,  1. 
begin,    coepT,    coepisse ;    vdicn 

gorcritiiif/  a  pass.  inf.  Ihe 

pcrf.      ind..     is      regularly 

coeptus  est. 
begin  [.a  thing),  inslituo,  ere, 

uI,     utus;    begin    battle, 

])roelium    eommitto,    ere, 

misT,  missus. 
beginning,  iuitium,  I,  /?. 
(behalf)    in    behalf    of,    pro, 

-]>rep.  vitli  abL 
behold,  spcctd,  1. 
behoove,  it  behooves,  oport-^t, 

ere,  uit,  i nipersnnrd. 
Belgians,  Bclj^'-ae,  arum.  >n. 
believe,     cnldd,    ere,    eredidl, 

credit  us.  irith  daf. 
Bellovaci,  Bellovacl.  drum,  m. 
bench,  suI)S"bium,  T,  a. 
besides  (aiiiw.  ])raeterea. 
besiege,     ob^ided,     ere,     sedi, 

sessus. 
best,  superL  of  bonus. 


Vocahulary. 


bestow    upon,    imperlio,    Ire, 

il,  itus. 
betake  one's  self,  reeipio,  ere, 

cepi,    ceptiis,    with    a    re- 
flexive. 
better,      adj.,      melior ;    adv., 

melius. 
between,  inter,  prep.  ivitJi  ace. 
Bibracte,  Bibracte,  is,  /(. 
Kibrax,  Bibrax,  aetis. /. 
Bibulus.  Bibulus,  i,  m. 
bid,  jul>eo,  ere,  jussi,  jussus. 
Bituriges,  Bituriges,  um,  m. 
blame  (verb),  culpo,  1. 
blameless,  innocens,  eiitis. 
block,     obstruct,     itil(>r('lu(lo, 

ere,  elilsi,  elusus  r  obstnic 

ere,  strilxT,  struetus. 
blood,  sanguis,  inis,  ni. 
bloodshed,  eaedes,  is,  /. 
boast,   make  a  boast,  glor.er, 

1. 
boat    iiavis,  is, /.  :     naviguim. 

T,  n. 
body,  ''orpus,  oris,  ri. 
bold,  audax,  acis. 
boldly,  audact cr. 
boldness,  audacia,  a(>, /. 
borders,  flnrs,  in  in,  in. 
born,  be  born,  nascnr,  \,  nal  us. 

born,  nat  us,  a,  urn. 
both  .   .   .   and,  ct    .   .   .  (>t. 
both,   each,   iitc/'que,   ulraquc, 

ul  ruiiiquc 
boundless,  InCfnTlus,  a,  urn. 
boy,  piicf,  cri",  tu. 
Bratuspantium,        Brat  u  spa  ii- 

t  ill  HI,  T,  //,. 
brave,  I'ort  is,  c 
bravely,  i'ortittir. 


bravery,  fortitiido,  inis,  /. 

break  {of  camp),  moveo,  ere, 
movT,  motus  ;  break,  im- 
pair, imminuo,  ere,  ul 
fit  us. 

break     down,     rescindo,     ere, 
scidl,  seissus. 
break  out,  arise,  coorior,  Iil. 
coortus  sum. 

bribe,  largltio,  onis,  /. 

bridge,  pons,  pontis,  ?n. 

briefly,  breviter. 

bring  {nf  things),  affero,  ferre. 
attull,     allatus ;    (of    per- 
sons), addueo.  ere,  diixi, 
duet  us. 
bring  about  effieic,  ere.  feci. 

t'eetu--. 
be   brought  about,  flo,  fieri 

faetus  sum. 
bring  back,  i-edueo,  ere,  duxl, 

ductus. 
bring    back     word,     refero, 

ferre,  rettulT,  relatus. 
bring      out,      elTerd,     ferre, 

('\1  ub,  ("latus. 
bring  in,  into,  inl  rrxbicd,  ere 
dn.xl,  (bictus,  fdlii.ircfl  hi 
in  and  arc. 
bring  on  or  upon,  Tnferd 
Ferre,  int  uli,  illatiis  ;  with 
daf.    of  iiidir.    ohj. 

Britain,  Ib-itannia,  ac, /. 

Britons,  I^>ri1aiinl,  drum,  ni. 

broad,  l,~(f  us,  a,  utn. 

brother,  f rater.  Iris,  //;.. 

Brundisium,  l^runcbsiuin,  T,  a. 

build  (a  hridiji'),  ra,('id,  vvv,. 
feci,  fad  us. 

building,  acidificium.  I,  n. 


6 


New  Latin  Composition, 


burn  {tr.)  {of  things),  eom- 
buro,  ere,  ussi,  ustus  ;  {of 
persons),  erem5,  1. 

business,  negotium,  i,  n. 

but     {if  strongly    adversative), 
sed. 
but      {denoting     transition), 

autem,  post-positive. 
but  if,  sin. 

buy,   emo,  ere,  emi,    emptus. 

by  {of  personal  agent),  a,  ab, 
prep,  with  ahl. 


Caecilius,  Caeeilius,  i,  m. 
Caesar,  Caesar,  is,  m. 
call,  name,  appcllo,  1. 
call,  summon,  voco,  1. 
call  together,  eonvoeo,  1. 
camp,  eastra,  orum,  7i. 
can,   be  able,  possum,  posse, 

potul. 
Capital,  Capitolium,  I,  n. 
captive,  captlvus,  i,  m. 
capture,  eapio,  ere,  cepi,  eap- 

tiis. 
carry,  porto,  1. 
case,  causa,  ae,  /. 
Cassius,  Cassius,  i,  m. 
Casticus,  Casticus,  i,  rn. 
Catiline,  Catillna,  ae,  m. 
Cato,  Cato,  onis,  to. 
Catulus,  Catulus,  i,  7n. 
cause,  causa,  ae,  /. 
cavalry,     equitatus,     us,     to.  ; 

equites,    um,   ?«.    pL;    as 

adj.,  equester,  tris,  tre. 
Cenabum,  Cenabum,  I,  n. 
centurion,  ecnturio,  onis,  to. 
certain,  certain  one,  quidam, 


quaedam,     quiddam     ol 

quoddam ;  certain,    sure, 

eertus,  a,  um. 
Cethegus,  Cethegus,  i,  m. 
change     {noun),   commutatio, 

onis,  /. 
change  {verb),  muto,  1. 
changeable,  mobilis,  e. 
chapel,  sacrarium,  i,  7i. 
character,  nature,  natura,  ae,/. 
charge  {noun),  crimen,  inis,  n. 
charge,  be  in  charge,  praesum, 

esse,    fui,   construed    with 

dat. 
charge,   put  in  charge,   prae- 

fieio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  con- 
strued with  dat. 
chariot,  war  chariot,  essedum, 

I,  n. 
charioteer,  auriga,  ae,  to. 
chief,  prineeps,  ipis,  m. 
chieftain,  prineeps,  ipis,  to. 
children,     llberl,     orum,     to.  ; 

pucrT,  orum,  m. 
choose,  dr4igo,  ere,  legi,  lectus, 
Cicero,  Cicero,  onis,  to. 
Cimbrians,  Cimbri,  orum,  to, 
circumstance,  res,  rei,  /. 
citadel,  arx,  arcis,  /. 
citizen,    fellow-citizen,     civis, 

is,  m. 
city,  urbs,  url:)is,  /. 
civil,  civilis,  e. 
class,  genus,  eris,  n. 
Claudius,  Claudius,  i,  ?«. 
clemency,  dementia,  ae,  / 
cohort,  cohors,  ortis,  /, 
colleague,  eollega,  ae,  w. 
collect,   coUigo,  ere,  legi,  leC' 

tus. 


Vocabulary. 


colony,  col5nia,  ae,  /. 
come,  venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum. 
come  out,  come  forth,    pro- 

deo,  ii-e,  il,  iturus. 
come     together,     convenio, 

ere,  "\'etil,  veulum. 
command  {noun),  instruction, 

mandfitiim,     i,    n. ;    con- 

mand,  control,  imperiuni, 

1,    n. 
command   (isrb),    imporo,    1  ; 

be  in  command,  praesuir, 

esse,  fill,  u'ith  dat. 
commander,  dux,    ducis,    m.  ; 

iinperator,  oris,  tn. 
commit,   comniitto,   ere,   inlsl, 

missus. 
common,  communis,  e. 
common  people,  plel)s,  is,  /. 
compare,  comparo,  1. 
compel,  cogo,  ere,  eoegl,  eoac- 

tus. 
complain,    queror,    I,    quest  us 

sum. 
complete,    pcrficio,   ere,     i~e\, 

fectus. 
comrade,  r'omnillito,  onis,  w. 
conceal,  cS'lu,  1  ;  occulto,  1. 
concern,  it  concerns,  inten^st, 

esse,     fuit ;  r("f(!rt,     forrc, 

relulit,  imj,ersnnrd.     Both 

verbs  govern  Ihe  gen. 
concerning,  de,  -prrp.  v-iih  ohl. 
concord,  concordia,  ae,  /. 
condemn,  eondcmnd,  1. 
condition,  f-oiidi'-io,  dnis, /. 
conduct,    escort,    dedOcd,    ere, 

dfixT,  diK'tus. 
confer     (jvitl/.),     coUoquor,     I, 

locutus 


conference,  colloquium,  i,  n. 
confess,  eonfiteor,  eri,  fessus. 
confidence,    fiducia,     ae,     /. ; 

trustworthiness,  fides,  ei, 

/■ 
confine,  contineo,  ere,  ui,  ten- 

tus. 
conflagration,  incendium,  I,  n 
congratulate,      gratulor,     ari 

atus  sum,  with  the  chit. 
conquer,  vinco,  ere,  vici,  vie- 

tus. 
consider,  regard,  puto,  1  ;  ex- 

Istimo,  I. 
considerate,  mitis,  e. 
consideration,  ratio,  onis,  /. 
conspiracy,  conjuratio,  ouis,  /. 
conspirators,  conjurati,  drum, 

ni. 
conspire,  conjuro,  1. 
constantly,  semper, 
construct,  aedifieo,  1. 
consul,  consul,  is,  m. 
consular,  consularis,  e. 
consulship,  consulatus,  fis,  m 
consult,  cdnsuld,  ere,  in,  sultus. 
contemplate,  cdgitd,  1. 
contempt,  contemptid,  dnis,  /. 
contend,   eonlendd,  ere,   endl 

entiim  ;  dlmicd,  1. 
contract,  contract  for,  locd,  1 . 
contrary  to,  coulra,  prep,  with 

lire. 
controversy,  conf  rd\'ersia,ae,/, 
convey,     jx'rfcrd,     fciTo,     tuli 

lalus. 
convict,  ''oiidcinnd,  1. 
corrupt,  iiuprolxis,  a,  um. 
Cotta,  ( "otia.,  ae,  m. 
council,  concilium,  i,  «. 


8 


JSfeio  Latin  Composition. 


counsel,  consilium,  T,  n. 
country,  native  country,  patria, 

ae, /. 
country  (as  opposed  to  the  city), 

rus,  ruris,  n. 
courage,  animus,  I,  m. ;  forti- 

tudo,  inis,  /. 
courageous,  fortis,  e. 
courageously,  fortiter. 
court,  judicium,  i,  n. 
cowardice,  ignavia,  ae,  /. 
Crassus,  Crassus,  i,  m. 
crime,  scclus,  oris,  n. 
cross,  transoo.  Ire,  il,  ittirus. 
crowd,  mullitudo,  inis,  /. 

in  crowds,  fr(>quens,  entis. 
crowded,    crowded    together, 

coiifertus,  a,  um. 
cruel,  erudelis,  e. 
cruelly,  crudeliter. 
cruelty,  crudrliias,  atis, /. 
crush,    opprinio,    er(>,    pressl, 

pressus. 
cultivate,  colo,  ere,  colui,  cul- 

tus. 
custom,  consuetudo,  inis  ;  mos, 

moris,  //;. 
cut  off,  intereludo,  ere,  clOsI, 

elusus. 
cut    to    pieces,    concldo,    ere, 

cldl,  cisus. 

D 

dagger,  slea,  ae,  /. 

daily,  cottklie. 

damage,     laedo,     ere,     laosT, 

laesus. 
danger,  perleulum,  T,  n. 
dangerous,  perlculosus,  a,  um. 
dare,  audeo,  ere,  ausus. 


daughter,  fllia,  ae,  /. 
day,  dies,  el,  m. 
dear,  earns,  a,  um. 
death,  mors,  mortis,  /. 
(December),     of     December, 

December,  bris,  bre. 
deceive,     fallo,     ere,     fefelll, 

falsus. 
decide,     eonstituo,     ere,     ul, 

lit  us. 
declare,  deelaro,  1. 
decree  {noun),  deei-etum,  I,  n, 
decree     {verb),    deeerno,    ere, 

erevi,  cretus. 
deed,  factum,  I,  n. 
deep,  altus,  a,  um. 
defeat,  suptn-o,  1. 
defence,  defensio,  onis,  /. 
defend,    defendo,    ere,    fendi, 

fensus. 
defender,  defensor,  oris,  m. 
Deiotarus,  Deiotarus,  T,  in. 
delay  {verb),  moror,  1. 
delay  {nnun'^,  mora,  ae, /. 
deliberate,  dellbero,  1. 
deliver  ('/  speech),  habeo,  ere, 

Ul,  it  us. 
deliver  from,  llbero,  1 . 
demand     {verb),    postulo,     1 ; 

flagito,  1  ;  i)0sc6,  ere,  po- 

poscl. 
demand    {noun),    postulatiim, 

I,  /(. 
democratic,  populfiris,  o. 
Demosthenes,      Demostncnes 

is,  //;. 
dense,  drnsus,  a,  ;im. 
deny,  iicgo,  1. 
depart,  drfedd,  ere,  eessi,  ce:^ 

siii'us. 


Vocabulary. 


9 


departure,  profectio,  onis,  /.  ; 

discessus,  fis,  m. 
depend,  nitor,  i,  nisus  or  uixiis 

sum. 
deprive,  privo,  1. 
descend,  descendo,  ere,  endl. 
desert,  desero,  ere,  ui,  sertus. 
deserve,  mereo,  ere,  iiI,  itus. 
design,  consilium,  I,  n. 
desire,  wish,  cupio,  ere,  cupivi, 

or  il,  itus. 
desire,    eagerness,    eupiditus, 

atis,  /.  ;  liludo,  inis,  /. 
desirous,     eupidus,     a,     um  ; 

avidus,  a,  um. 
desist,  desisto,  ere,  destitl. 
despise,  contemno,  ere,  tem- 

psl,  templus. 
destroy,      break      down,     re- 

sfindd,  ere,  scidi,  Sf-issii.s. 
detain,  n.'linco,  vvi\  uT,  teutus. 
determine,  c-Gnstiluo,  enj,   ul, 

uUis. 
develop,  alo,  ere,  alul,  alius  or 

alitus. 
devote,    devote    one's    self   to 

something,  d'"(lr),  ere,  de- 

didl,    deflitus,   irilh    (i    rc- 

ilcrlrc,  pro  IK)  an. 
devoted,  dedilus,  a,  um. 
dictator,  dictator,  oris,  m. 
die,morior,morT,mort  uussuni. 
difficult,  diffK-ilis,  e. 
difficulty,   dii'ficidlas,   atis,    /.  ; 

with  difficulty,  \  ix. 
dignity,  <lif,'-iiiin~-,  atis,  /. 
diligence,  drliii:i'iit  i;i,  .'ic, /. 
direction,  [lars,  partis,/. 
disapprove,  iiiiprolid,  1. 
discipline,  discipllna,  at,',/. 


discover,  comperio,   ire,  eom- 

peri,  compertus. 
dismiss,     dimitto,     ere,   misi, 

missus. 
dismount,  desilio,  ire,  il  or  ui, 

sullum. 
displease,  displice5,  ere,  ui. 
disposition,  animus,  i,  m. 
dissension,  dissensio,  onis,  /. 
distant,    be    distant,    absum, 

esse,  afui,  afuturus, 
distinguished,  claru.s,  a,  um. 
distress,  dolor,  oris,  m. 
distribute,    distribuo,   ere,   ui, 

fitus. 
district,  regio,  onis,  /. 
distrust,     diffido,     ere,     fisus 

irilli,  (Int. 
disturbance,  tuitudfus,  us,    »i. 
ditch,  fossa,  ae,  /. 
Divitiacus,  Divitiacus,  T,  in. 
divide,  dividd,  ere,  visT,  visus, 
do,  facio,  (-re,  feci,  fact  us. 
Domitius,  Domitius,  I,  //;.. 
door,  jaiuia,  ae,  /. 
doubt,  dubitd,  1. 
drag,    drag   along,   Iralid,   ere, 

traxi,  tract  us. 
draw  near,    appro])ituiud,    1  ; 

rotislriK'd  tritli  (hit. 
draw  up,   Tustrud,   ere,   struxT, 

stnlct  us. 
drive  away,  drive  back,  rci)clld, 

eri',  rcppiilT,  I'cpulsus. 
drive,    drive   out,    drive   from, 

cxpiild,  ere,  pidf,  pidsilS. 
Dumnorix,  I  )uiuiiofrx.  Tj^is,  m. 
duty,    ol'liciuiii,    I,    //.  ;   it   is    a 

duty,    oportct,    f'l'c,    op<jr< 

tuil,  iiii/xrti. 


10 


New  Latin   Composition. 


dwell,  incolo,  ere,  colul,  eul- 
tus ;  figuratively,  insuni, 
inesse,  infui,  construed 
with  in  and  the-abl. 

dwelling,  tectum,  i,  «.,  lit. 
roof. 

E 

each,  quisque,  quaeque,  quic- 
que. 

each  (of  two),  uterque,  utra- 
qiie,  utrumque. 

each  other,  for  the  first  arid 
second  persons,  use  the 
plural  of  ego  and  tu  ;  for 
the  third  person  use  sul. 

eager,  alacer,  eris.  ere. 

eager  for,   eupidus,  a,  um, 
with  the  gen. 

earliest,  primii.^,  a,  um. 

easily,  facile. 

easy,  facilis,  e. 

edict,  edictum,  i,  n. 

efforts,  opera,  ae,  /. 

eight,  octo,  indecl. 

eighteen,  duodevlgiiiti. 

eighth,  oetavus,  a,  um. 

eight  hundred,  octingenti,  ae, 
a. 

either  ...  or,  aut  .  .  .  aut, 
if  the  tiro  alternatives  e.r- 
clude  each  other;  other- 
wise, vel  .   .   .  vel. 

either,  either  one  (of  two), 
utervis,  utraviri,  utrum- 
vis. 

elect  (adj.),  designatus,  a,  um. 

elect,  ereo,  1. 

election,  comitia,  orum,  n. 

eleventh,  undecimus,  a,  um.       ! 

else,  alius,  a,  ud. 


embankment,  agger,  eris,  m. 
embassy,  legatio,  onis,  /. 
eminent,  praestans,  antis. 
empire,  imperium,  i,  n. 
empty,  iiianis,  e. 
enact,  statuo,  ere,  ui,  utus. 
encourage,   cohortor,    1  ;  con- 
fir  mo,  1. 
end,  fiuis,  is,  ?n.  ;  end,  fate,  ex« 

itus,  us,  m. 
(end),  at  the  end  of,  extremus, 

a,  um,  ivith  a  substantive. 
endure,    perfero,    ferre,    tuli, 

latus. 
enemy     (in     military    sense), 

hostis,  is,  c. ;  (collectively), 

hostes,  ium,  m. 
personal  enemy,  inimicus,  f, 

m. 
energetic,  vehemeus,  eutis. 
energy,  virtus,  litis,  /. 
enjoy,  fruor,  i,  fructurus. 
enUst,    conseribo,  ere,  scrlpsi, 

scriptus. 
enormous,  immanis,  e. 
enough,  satis. 
enroll,  conseribo,  ere,  scrips!, 

scriptus. 
enter,     ingredior,     I,     gressus 

sum. 
enter  into,   enter  upon,   ineo, 

Ire,  il,  itus,  trans. 
entire,  totus,  a,  um. 
entirely,  omnluo. 
entreat,  obsecrd,  1. 
entrust,    commit  to,   ere,  misT, 

missus. 
envoy,  legatus,  I,  m. 
envy,  invideo,  ere,  vidl,  visum, 

with  dot. 


Vocabulary. 


11 


equal  (fer6),  adaequo,  1  ;  trans. 
equal  {adj.),  par,  paris. 
equestrian,  equester,  tris,  tre. 
equip,     instruo,     ere,     strtixi, 

struclus. 
erect,  eolloco,  1. 
escape,    get    away     (inirans.), 

evado,  ere,  vasi,  vasura. 
escort,  prosequor,  i,  seeutus. 
especially,    maxime ;  pracei- 

pue. 
establish,  coUoco,  1. 
Etruria,  Etruria,  ae,  /. 
even,  etiam. 

not  even,  ne  .  .  .  quidem, 

icith    the     emphatic     word 

or  phrase  between. 
ever,  at  any  time,  unqiiam. 

ever,  always,  semper, 
every,  omnis,  e. 
evidence,  arj^umenta,  orum,  n. 
excel,  praestd,  are,  stitl. 
excellent,  egre^jius,  a,  urn. 
except,  j)raeter,  pre]),  inlh  ace.  ; 

with  negs.,  nisi,  conj. 
excessive,  niinius,  a,  uin. 
excuse  (noun),  excusalid,  diiis, 

/. 
3xcuse    (rerh),    i)urf^(),    1  ;  ex- 

cusd,  I. 
exempt,  Ifhcr,  a,  iim. 
exercise,  utr)r,  i,  usus. 
exhaust,     ednfifid,     ere,     fed, 

fcctus. 
exhibit,     praestd,     are,     still, 

slitus. 
exhort,  coliorf  or,  1. 
exile,  exsiliurn,  i,  ri. 
(expected,  supposed,  —  sooner. 

larger;  than  expected,  or 


supposed,   opTuidne,    abl, 

o/ opinio,  oiiis. 
extend  (thanks),  ago,  ere,  egi, 

actus. 
extend,    stretch,    pateo,    ere, 

UT. 
extensive,  araplus,  a,  um. 
extent,  magnitude,  inis,  /. 
extinguish,      exstingud,      ere, 

inxi,  iiictus. 
eye,  oeulus,  T,  m. 


Fabius,  Fabius,  T,  m. 

fact,  res,  rel,  /. ;  as  to  the  fact 

that,  quod. 
Faesulae,  Faesulae,  arum,  /. 
fail,  ddficid,  ere,  fdei,  feet  us. 
faithful,  fldelis,  e. 
fall,  eadd,  ere,  eeeidi,  easfirus. 
fall  in  with,  ineidd.  ere,  iucidl, 

construed  with  in  and  ace. 
false,  falsus,  a,  um. 
familiar,  am  familiar  with,  perj. 

of    eogndsed,     ere,     ndvl, 

nit  us,  trans. 
family,  stock,  genus,  cris,  n. 
famous,  clarus,  a,  um. 
far,  by  far,  longd,  adv. 
farmer,  agrif'ola,  ae,  ni. 
farther,  ulterior,  us. 
father,  pater,  pati-is,  ni. 
fault,  culpa,  ae,  /. 
favor (// o /;// ,1,  t)ciiffi('ium,  i,  n. 
favor    (rerh).   fa\'rd,    en-,    favl, 

fautOnis,  irilh  da/. 
fear   (noiin),  timor.  oris,   //;.; 

met  us,  us,  ni. 
fear    (nrh),    mriuD,    sve,    w; 

vercor,  eri,  itus. 


12 


Neiu  Latin  Comjjosition. 


(February),        of       February, 

Fcbruarius,  a,  um. 
feel,  sentio,  ii'e,  sensi,  census, 
fertile,  ferax,  aeis. 
few,  panel,  ae,  a. 

very  few,  perpaueT,  ae,  a. 
fickle,  mobilis,  e. 
fickleness,  levitas,  atis,  /. 
field,  ager,  agri,  m. 
fiercely,  aeritcr. 
fifteen,  qumdeeim. 
fifth,  qiuutus,  a,  um. 
fifty,  quinquaginta. 
fight,  pugno,  I. 
fill,  fill  up,  eompleo,  ere,  evi, 

etus. 
finally,  postremo  ;  denique. 
find     {by    searchiri'-j),    reperio, 

ire,  repperl,  repertiis. 
find,  come  upon,  invenio,  ire, 

veni,  ventiis. 
find  out  something  {hy  inves- 
tigation),   eomperio.      Ire, 

perl,  pert  us. 
And   (good,   bad,  etc.),  fitor,  I, 

lisus,  itith    pred.  abl. 
fire.  Ignis,  is,  ni. 
first,  primus,  a,  um. 
first  (adv.),  primum ;  at  first, 

primo. 
five,  quinque. 

five  hundred,  quingenti,  ae,  a. 
flee,  fugio,  ere,  fugl,  fugiturus. 
fleet,  classis,  is,  /. 
flight,  fuga,  ae,  /. 
flourishing,  florens,  entis. 
foUow,     sequor,     I,     secutus ; 

follow    up,    persequor,    I, 

secutus. 
follower,  comes,  itis,  m. 


following,    next,    posterus,    a,, 

um. 
fond  of,  studiosus,  a,  um. 
foolish,  stultus,  a,  um. 
foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

foot  of,  base  of,  Infimus  o* 

imus,  a,  um. 
foot-soldier,  pedes,  itis,  ?«. 
for,  denoting  purpose,  ad,  prep. 

with     ace.;  denoting     }7io~ 

tion,  in,  with  ace:  for,  in 

behalf    of,     in    place     of, 

pro,  prep,  with  abl. 
for     (conj.),    nam;    or    enim, 

post-positive. 
forage,  procure    forage,  pabu- 

lor,  1. 
forbid,  veto,  are,  ui,  itus. 
force,  compel,  eogo,  ere,  coegi, 

coactus. 
force,  vis,  vis,  /. 
(military)  force,  forces,  copiae, 

iirum,  /. 
ford,  vadum,  I,  n. 
foresight,  prudentia,  ae,  /. 
forest,  silva,  ae,  /. 
forget,  obllviscor,  I.oblitus  sum. 
form,    make,   facio,    ere,   feci, 

faetus. 
former.   .   .  (latter),  ille,  a,  ud. 
former,    ivith    reference   to    the 

present,  superior,  us. 
formerly,  olim. 
forthwith,  statim. 
fortification,  munltio,  onis,  /. 
fortify,  mfinio,  Ire,  IvI,  Itus. 
fortunate,  fellx,  Icis. 
fortune,  fortuna,  ae,  /. 

fortune  (in  sense  of  property), 

forttinae,  arum,  /. 


Vocabulary. 


I'd 


forty,  quadraginta. 

Forum,  Forum,  I,  n. 

found,  eondo,  ere,  didi,  ditus. 

fountain,  fons,  fontis,  m. 

four,  quattuor. 

four  years,  quadrieunium,  I,  n. 

fourteenth,    quartus   decimus. 

fourth,  quartus,  a,  um. 

free   (adj.),  Ilber,  a,  um  ;  free 

from,    clear    of,    vacuus, 

a,  um. 
free  (verb),  llbero,  1. 
freedman,  libertus,  I,  m. 
freedom,  llbertas,  atis,  /. 
frequent,  creber,  bra,  ])rura. 
fresh  (of  water),  duleis,  v. 
friend,  amicus,  I,    »i.  ;  arnica, 

ae,  /. 
friendly,  amicuj%  a,  um. 
friendship,  amicitia,  ao,  /. 
frighten,  torr(>c,  ere,  ul,  ilus. 
from,  a,  ab  ;  from,  out  of,  e, 

ex  ;  down  from,  dr  ;  prep- 
ositions Willi  (ihl. 
from  the  vicinity  of,   a,  ah, 

vritli  tilil. 
from    (after  rerhs  nf  Jiinder- 

inij.   etc.),  fjud  minus,  ne, 

fliilu. 
front,  i'rons,  frontis, /. 
fruit,  frfK't  us,  us,  in. 
Fufius,  Fufius,  T,  m. 
Fulvia,  Fulvia,  ac,  /. 
full,  jjlr-nus,  a,  um. 
furnish,  j)racb<ri,  vvr,  uT,  ilus. 
fury,  furor,  oris,  ///. 


Gabinius,  f  !;i,l)iiiius,  i,  en. 
gain,   pario,   ere,    jx'jxri,    par- 


tus, originally,  bring  forth, 

produce. 
gain  possession  of,  potior,  iri, 

itus. 
Gaius,    Gaius,    i,    m. ;  abbre' 

viated  C. 
Galba,  Galba,  ae,  m. 
gallant,  fortis,  e. 
Gallic,  Gallicus,  a,  um 
game,  ludus,  I,  m. 
gate,  porta,  ae,  /. 
gather     (trans.),     eogo,     ere, 

coegi,  eoactus. 
gather  (intrans.),  eonvenio.  Ire, 

vem,  ventum. 
Gaul,  a  Gaul,  (lallus,  T,  m. 
Gaul,  the  country,  (jallia,  ae. 

/• 
general,  dux,  ducis,  771. 
Geneva,  Gcnava,  ae,  /. 
Gergovia,  Gergovia,  ae, /. 
German,    Germiinus,    a,    um ; 
as  noun,  Gc^'manl,  drum, 
ni. 
Germany,  (Jcrmaiiia,  av,  f. 
get  ready  (trans.),  comparo,  1. 
give,  do,  dure,  dcdl,  datiis. 
glad,  lacfus,  a,  um. 
glorious,  clarus,  a,  um. 
glory,  gloria,  ae,  /. 
Gnaeus,  (iiuicus,  T,  ni.  ;  at>hrc- 

r/a/rd  Cn. 
go,  C'd,  Ifc,  r\i,  i(  um. 

go  around,  cii-cuincr),  Tit,  il, 

ilus. 
go  away,  nlx'd,  Tre,  ii",  iturus. 
go  back,  fcdcd,  \ri\  if,  if  urus. 
go   out,   forth,   even,    Tre,    ii, 

il  UMI. 

god,  dciis,  1,  m. 


14 


New  Latin  Composition. 


good,  bonus,  a,  um ;  good 
fortune,  fortuna,  ae,  /. 

Gracchus,  Gracchus,  i,  m. 

gradually,  paulatim. 

grain,  frumentum,  i,  n. ;  grain 
supply,  res  frumentaria, 
rel  frumentariae,  /. 

grant,  concedo,  ere,  cessi,  ces- 

SUS.  I 

great,  magnus,  a,  um. 

greatest  {of  qualities),  sum- 
mus,  a,  um. 

greatly,  magnopere. 

Greece,  Graecia,  ae,  /. 

greed,  avaritia,  ae,  /. 

guard,  a  guard,  custos,  odis,  m. 

guard  (vcrli),  servo,  1  ;  custo- 
dio.  Ire,  ivi,  Ttus;  be  on 
one's  guard  (against),  ca- 
veo,  ere,  cavl,  eauturus. 

H 

Haeduan   (adj.),  Haeduus,  a, 

um ;    as    noun,   Ifaeduus, 

m. ;       Haedui,      Ilaedul, 

orum. 
hand,  manus,  us,  /. 
hand,    be    at    hand,    adsum, 

esse,  adfui,  adfuturus. 
hand,    be   on   hand,    suppeto, 

ere,  ivl  or  il. 
hand    over,    trado,    ere,    didi, 

ditus. 
happen,  be  done,  ful,  fieri,  fac- 

tus  ;  aeeido.  ere,  I. 
harangue,  eontio,  onis,  /. 
harbor,  portus,  us,  m. 
harm     {noun),    detrlmeutum, 

i.  n. 


harm,  do  harm,  noceo,  ere,  ui, 

iturus,   with  dat.   of  indi' 

red  obj. 
harmony,  concordia,  ae,  /. 
hasten,  press  on,  eontendo,  ere, 

endi,  entum. 
hate,  odi,  odisse. 
hateful,  odiosus,  a,  um. 
hatred,  odium,  i,  n. 
have,  habeo,  ere,  ui,  itus  ;  have 

something  done,   euro,    1, 

tuith  gerundive. 
he  who,  is  qui. 
heap,  acervus,  I,  m. 
headship,  prineipatus,  us,  m. 
hear,  hear  of,  audio,  ire,  Ivi, 

itus. 
heavy,  gravis,  e. 
height,  altitudo,  inis,  /. 
heir,  heres,  edis,  m. 
help  {noun),  auxilium,  i,  n. 
Helvetii,  Helvetians,  Helvetii, 

orum,  m. 
hence,  hine. 

her,  suLis,  a,  um,  reflexive. 
here,  hie. 

hesitate,  dubito,  1. 
hide,  eelo,  1  ;  oeeulto,  1. 
high,  altus,  a,  um. 

high   {of  price),  magnus,  a, 

um. 
higher,  at  a  higher  price  {icith 

verbs  of  \-aluing,   buying, 

a  ltd  selling),  pluris. 
highest  {of  qualities),  sum- 

mus,  a,  um. 
hill,  eoUis,  is,  m. 
himself,  herself,  sul,  sibi.  se. 
hinder,  inipcdio,  Ire,  Ivi,  Itus. 
his,  suus,  u,  um,  rvjlcxive. 


Vocabulary. 


15 


hither,  eiterior,  us. 

hitherto,  aiitea. 

hold,  teneo,  ere,  ui ;  of  office, 
gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus. 
hold,  regard,  habco,  ere,  ui, 
itus. 

home,  domus,  us,  /.  ;  at  home, 
domi ;  from  home,  domo. 
home,  to  one's  (their)  home, 
doinum ;  domos. 

honor  (noiiii),  liouor,  oris,  >/i.  ; 
honestas,  at  is,  /. 

hope,  spes,  el,  /. 

hope,  hope  for,  sptlro,  1,  trans. 

horse,  equus,  I,  m. 

horseman,  eques,  itis,  to. 

Hortensius,  Ilortensius,  I,  m. 

hostage,  obses,  idis,  m. 

hostile,  inirnlcus,  a,  um. 

hour,  hora,  ac;,  /. 

house,  domus,  us,  /.  ;  in  one's 
house,  do  ml. 

how,  if  used  to  introduce  the 
■sentence  (is  a  whole,  qui 
or  quo  modo  in  direct 
questions,  quo  modo  or  ut 
in  indirect;  quam,  if  used 
to  mod  if  11  on  adjective  or 
(idverl)  in,  the  sentence. 

how  great,  how  high,  quant  us, 
a,  um. 
how  many,  (piot,  indcrj. 
how  much,  quantum;   nfh'n. 
folio  well    by    yen.     of    ilie 
wliole. 

however,  au((;in,  post-positive. 

hundred,  fcnt  um. 

hurdle,  orates,  is,/. 

hurl,  corucio,  en;,  conjecl,  eon- 


I,  ego,  mel. 

Ides,  Idus,  uum,  /. 

if,  si,  conj. 

if  not,  nisi ;  si  non ;  si  minus 
when  the  verb  is  omitted. 

ignorant,  ignarus,  a,  um. 

illustrious,  illiistris,  e. 

immediately,  statim. 

immortal,  iramortalis,  o. 

impair,  imminuo,  ere,  uT,  utus. 

impel,  induc6,ere,  dtixi,  ductus, 

impious,  impius,  a,  um. 

in,  in,  prep,  witii  abl. 

inasmuch  as,  quoniam. 

increase,  augeo,  ere,  auxl,  aue- 
tus. 

incredible,  incredibilis,  e. 

induce,  induco,  ere,  dlixi,  duc- 
tus. 

indulge,  indulgeo,  ere,  dulsl, 
dullurus. 

indulgence,  leiiitas,  atis,  /. 

Indutiomarus,  Tndutiomarus,  I, 
ni. 

inexperienced,  imperltus,  a, 
um. 

infantry,  jjedilatus,  us,  m.  ;  as 
<idj.;  ])ed('ster,  tris,  tre. 

Inflame,  iiicendd,  ere,  ccndr, 
(•r'usus. 

inflict  on,  Infcrd,  fcrre,  intulT, 
illalus;  //•////  dot.;  in- 
flict punishment,  suj)pli- 
cium  suitK  re  dr. 

influence,  aud ucitris,  atis,  /. 

inform,    ccfl  inrctu    facio,    (>ro, 
IT'cI,  r;i''t  us. 
be     informed,     ecrtior    fI6: 
f'"  '-f.  factus. 


16 


New  Latin  Comjjosition. 


inhabit,  ineolo,  ere,  iil,  cultus. 

inherit,  receive,  aeeipio,  ere, 
cepi,  ceplus. 

initiate,  ineo,  ire,  il,  itus, 

injure,  noeeo,  ere,  ul,  itiirus, 
with  the  diit.,  used  of  per- 
sons; laedo,  ere,  laesi,  lae- 
sus,  used  of  both  persons 
and  things. 

injury,  injuria,  ae,  /. 

innocent,  inuoeens,  eniis. 

inquire,  quaero,  ere,  quaeslvi, 
itus. 

institution,  Institutum,  I,  n. 

insult,  eontumelia,  ae,  /. 

intact,  integer,  gra,  grum. 

intend,  eogito,  1. 

intervene,  iiitersum,  esse,  fui, 
fu  turns. 

into,  in,  prep,  with  ace. 

invite,  invito,  1. 

island,  insula,  ae,  /. 

Italy,  Italia,  ae,  /. 

it,  is,  ea,  id. 

its,  ejus  ;  suns,  a,  um. 


(January),  of  January,  Janua- 

rius,  a,  um. 
javelin,  jaeulum,  i,  n.;  pllum, 

i,  n. 
join    (battle),    comniitto,    ere, 

misi,  missus. 
join    (oneself),   conjungo,   ore, 

junxl,  junctus. 
journey,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
joy,  gaudium,  I,  n. 
judge  (noun),  judex,  ieis,  m. 
judge  (verb),  jOdieo,  1. 


Julius   Caesar,  Jfilius  Caesar, 

Jul!  Caesaris,  ?«. 
(June),  of  June,  Junius,  a,  um. 
Jupiter,  Juppiter,  Jovis,  m. 
just,  Justus,  a,  um. 
just,  just  now,  modo. 
just  as,  sleut. 

K 

Kalends,  Kalendae,  arum,  /. 
k-jep,    keep  in,  confine,  teneo, 
ere,  ui. 
keep  apart,  distineo,  ere,  ul, 

tentus. 
keep  away,  ward  off,  areeo, 

ere,  ui. 
keep  from,  keep  away  from 
(tr.),    i)rohibeo,    ere,    uT, 
ilns. 
kill,  oeeido,  ore,  cTdT,  clsus. 
kind,  genus,  oris,   /;. ;  modus, 

1,  m. 
kindness,  benefieium,  I,  n. 
king,  rex,  regis,  ni. 
knight,  eques,  itis,  m. 
know,    understand,    seio,    Ire, 
ivi,  itus. 
know,  be  familiar  with,  per- 
fect   tenses    of    eognoseo, 
ere,  ndvi,  nitus. 
not  know,  neseio,  Ire,  ii. 
knowledge,  scientia,  ae,  /. 


Labienus,  Labienus,  i,  7n. 

labor,  labor,  oris,  tn. 

lack  (verb),  careo,  ere,  ui,  itu« 
rus ;  be  lacking,  desum, 
deesse,  deful.  defuturus. 


Yocalmlary. 


V 


land  {noun),  agcr,  agri,  m. 
land,    as     opposed     to     the 
ivater,  terra,  ao,  /. 
land  (verb)  trans.,  oxpono,  ere, 

posuT,  positus. 
language,  lingua,  ac,  /. 
large,  magnus,  a,  um. 

in  large  part,  magnam  par- 
tem ;  bouam  partem. 
so  large,  tantus,  a,  um. 
last,  final,  ultimus,  a,  um. 
last,  previous,  proximus,  a, 
um. 
later,  post,  postea. 
latter,    the    UiUer    of    two    al- 
ly ml  ij      mentioned,       Inc, 
liaec,  Iidc. 
law,  the  law.  jus,  juris,  n, 

law,  statute,  Irx,  legis,  /. 
law-court,  basilica,  ae,  /. 
lay  aside,  lay  down,   depOnd, 

ere,  ])osur,  itus. 
lay  bare,   patefaeiu,   ere,   fec-i, 

I'ai'lus. 
lay   upon,    Iiiiero,    ferre,    tull, 

illfdus. 
lay  waste,  vasld,  1. 
lead,  lead  on,  duco,  ere,  duxT, 
(lu'-t  us. 
lead    across,    traducd,    ere, 

duxT,  (hu'tus. 
lead  back,  ndricd,  ere,  duxl, 

(luetus. 
lead  forth,   lead  out,   ("dried, 

ere,  (blx!,  dud, us. 
lead  on,   indued,  ere,   duxT, 
(bie1  us. 
leader,  dux,  dueis,  ///. 
leading    man,    prineeps,    i[)is, 
m. 


learn    {by   study),   disco,    ere, 

didici. 
learn,    find    out,   comperio, 

ire,  peri,  partus. 
leave,  relinqud,  ere,  liqui,  lic- 

tus. 
left,    remaining,    reliquus,    a, 

um. 
left  (hand),  sinister,  tra,  trum, 
legion,  legid,  dnis,  /. 
lend     (help),   ferd,   ferre,    tuli, 

latus  ;  be  lent,  be  added, 

aeccdd,    ere,     cessi,     ces- 

surus. 
Lentulus,  Lentulus,  I,  m. 
less,  adj.,  minor  ;  adv.,  minus, 
lest,  lie. 

let  go,  emittd,  er(%  mlsl,  missus. 
letter,  of  the  alphid)et,  littera, 

ae,  /. ;  letter,  epistle,  lit- 

terae,    arum,  /.;  or  epi.s- 

tula,  ae,  /. 
liberty,  llbertas,  atis,  /. 
lieutenant,  legal  us,  I,  in. 
life,  vita,  ae,  /. 
like,  similis,  e. 
likewise,  ilem;  also   (:.rj)ressed 

III/     Idem,      ///      agreci/iettt 

irllh   suhj.rl. 

Lilybaeum,  Lilxbacum,  T,  n. 
line,  line  of  battle,  aeies,  el,  f. 
Liscus,  Lisi-iis,  I,  >n. 
listen,  listen  to,  audid,  Ire,  IvT. 

Illis.    irilh  are. 
Litaviccus,  Lila\ieeus,  I,  tn. 
little,  a  little,  paiibim. 

very  little,  nnniinum  ;   f)au]- 
bllinii,    iriih   ijrn. 

little    while    before   or   ago, 

paul<)  autu. 


IS 


Neiu  Latin  Composition. 


live,  VIVO,  ore,  vixi,  viclurus. 
live,  dwell,  habito,  1. 

long,  longus,  a,  iini. 

long,  long  time,  difi,  adv.; 
already  for  a  long  time, 
jam  diu ;  no  longer,  jam 
non. 

lose,  amitlo,  ere,  mIsT,  mis?;ns, 
ilic  general  irord;  perdo, 
ere,  perdidi,  itus,  v:licrc 
the  respoit^ibilil!/  of  Ihv 
siihjccf.  is  implied. 

loss,  damnum,  T,  n. 

love,  amor,  oris,  vi. 

love,  amo,  t. 

low  {of  price),  parvus,  a,  um. 

lower.  Inferior,  us. 

loyal,  lidelis,  e. 

loyalty,  fides,  ei,  /. 

Lucius,  Lfieius,  I,  dk,  al)i)re- 
viated  L. 

LucuUus,  Lueullus,  I,  m. 

M 
Macedonia.  ^Maeedouia,  ae,  /. 
magistracy,  magistrate,  magis- 

trfitus,  us,  I)}. 
magnitude,  magnitildo,  iiiis,  /. 
maintain,  reliueo,  ere,  uT,  1<>n- 

tus. 
make,  fae,(l,  ere,  feel,  faetus. 
make     answer,     rc-spondcnl, 

ere,  s])ondr,  spousus. 
make     {■■iomehnd ij    or    soine- 

thiiig     saf(,      J/ald,     char, 

etf'.),  r(Ml(lu,  ere,  reddidi. 

reddilus  ;  facio  may  aha  be 

u--<(  d. 
man,   homo,  iuis,   m.,  the  ijev- 

eral  term;  man  as  opposed 


to  woman,  or  as  a  compli 
mentary  designation,   vir 

virl,  m. 
manage,  adminisfro,  1. 
Manlius,  ^Nlanlius,  i,  m. 
many,  multi,  ae,  a ;  so  many, 

tot,  indecl. 
march  (jtuun),  iter,  itineris,  n. 
(March),  of  March,  INlartius, 

a,  uin. 
march   (rerh),  iter   faeio,  ere, 

feel,  fact  us. 
march    forth,     march     out, 

egredior,  i,  gressus  sum. 
Marcus,  INIareus,  i,  7)i. ;  abbrc' 

via  ted  ]M. 
maritime,  maritimus,  a,  um. 
Marseilles,  ]\lassilia,  ae,  /. 
massed    together,    eoiiferlus, 

a,  um. 
matter,  thing,  res,  rel,  /. 
(May),  of  May,  Majus,  a,  um. 
may,  licet,  ere,  lieuit,  iviih  the 

subjtuictire  or  inf. 
meanwhile,  interea. 
meet  {trans,  or  iutrans.),  con- 

venio,   ire,   venT,   ventus; 

meet,  encounter,  oppeto, 

ere,  Ivi,  Itus. 
memory,  inemoria,  ae,  /. 
Menapii,  INIeua])!!,  oruni,  m. 
mention,  eommemoro,  1. 
merely,  tantum. 
message,  ml n tins,  I,  ni. 
Messalla.  Messalla,  ae,  //;. 
Messana,  ^vlcssana,  ae, /. 
messenger,  nuntius,  I,  ni. 
Metellus,  Ixletelhis,  i,  //;. 
middle,  middle  of,  medius,  a 

um. 


Vocahulan/, 


lU 


midnight,  media  xiox,  mediae 

noctis,  /. 
midst,  midst  of,  mcdius,  a,  iim. 
mile,  mlllf  ])ari.-;'a.s,  ///.,  thou- 
sand    paces;     pi.,     milia 

passuum. 
military,  inililariri,  e ;   military 

science    or     matters,    res 

nillitaris,  rvi  lullilaris,  /. 
mind,  aiumus,  T,  in. 
mindful,  memor,  oi'is. 
mine,  incus,  a,  uiu. 
minor,  lesser,  minor,  us. 
mistake,     make      a      mistake, 

jx'cco,  1. 
Mithridatic,  Milliridaticus,    a, 

um. 
Molo,  M(j1o,  onis,  m. 
money,  pecunia,  ae,  /. 
month,  mensis,  is,  in. 
monument, monumcntum,  I,  it. 
more,  ainplius  ;  ma^is,  ddr. 
more,   })lus,   pluris,   n.,   suh- 

.st'iidire. 
Morini,  MoriiiT,  drum,  m. 
m.ost,  plrTlqiic,  acf[uc,  a(iu(\ 
for  the  most  part,  maxiniam 

\ii\r\vin. 
mother,  nialci",  mali-is,/. 
mountain,  nions,  nion!i>,  //,'. 
move,  affect,  inoxco,  crc,  ind\T, 

mdl  us  ;   move      (iiinl.-r,      a 

inoliiin),    censed,    vrv,    ul, 

census. 
move  out,  move  away,  dc- 

niii^-d,  1 . 
much,   iiiiill  lis,  ;i,  win;   inlrcrh- 

/'/////,  mull  uin. 
multitude,  mull  it  Tidd,  ini-,  /. 
murder  {noun),  caodes,  is,/. 


murder,  occidd,  ere,  cidl,  elsus. 
murderer,  interfector,  oris,  m. 
my,  meus,  a,  um. 

N 
name  {noim),  ndmen,  iris,  n, 
name  {verb),  ndmind,  1 
Nantuates,  Xantuates,  ium,  m, 
Naples,  Xeapolis,  is,  f. 
Narbo,  X'arl^d,  dnis,  in. 
near,    neighboring,    finitimus, 

a,  um. 
near,    iclth  toirn  nainrs,  ad, 

prej).  icith  (ICC. ;   icUli  oilier 

icords,    prope,    ]>rep.    with 

ace. 
nearer,  propius,  odv.  and  prep. 

ivlth,  ace. 
nearest,  proximus,  a,  um. 
nearly,  jirope. 
necessary,     it    is     necessary, 

nccesse  est. 
need,  there  is  need,  opus  est. 
nefarious,  nefarius,  a,  um. 
neglect,  ne,!,dc<,^d,  ere,  lexT,  Icc- 

(us. 
neighbor,  vlclnus,  I.  //;. 
neighborhood,    in,    or   to,    the 

neighborhood  of,  ad,  jjrij). 

villi   arc. 
neighborinc-  iriiifimus,  ;i,  um 
neither  .   .   .   nor,    iii(iuc   .   . 

ncijiic ;   iicc   .   .   .    nc;;. 
Nervii,  \iT\ir,  dnnn.  m. 
never,  iiuiii(|u;iiii. 
nevertheless,  f  ;i  men. 
nev/.  no\iis,  ;i,  iiiii. 
news,  iiunlius,  f,  m.,  or  nunliT, 

ririiiii  ;  (/.s  iji  n.  of  llic  tvluAn- 

uovi. 


20 


New  Latin  Composition. 


next,  proximus,  a,  um. 
Niger,  Nigez-,  gri,  711. 
night,  nox,  noctis,  /. 
ninth,  nonus,  a,  um. 
no,  nullus,  a,  um. 
no,    with   adjectives   used   sub- 
stantively, nemo  {defective) . 
no    one,    nemo    {defective) ; 
no  quis. 
nobility,  nobilitfis,  atis,  /. 
noble,  n5bilis,  e ;  nobles,  no- 
biles,  ium,  m. 
Nones,  Nonae,  arum,  /. 
nor,  neque  or  ncc. 
not,  non,  ne. 

if  .  .  .  not,  nisi, 
(not),  is  not'.'  does  not?  ci'c., 
nonne. 
not     even,     ne  .  .  .  quidem, 
ivitli    tJie    emphatic    word 
between. 
not  know,  nescio.  Ire,  Ivi,  or 

il. 
not  only  .  .  .  but  also,  non 

solum  .  .  .  sed   ctiam. 
not  that,  non  quo. 
not  yet,  nondum. 
nothing,  nihil. 
(November),     of     November, 

November,  l)ris,  o. 
Noviodunum,  Xoviodunum,  1, 

n. 
now,  already,  jam. 
now,  at  present  time,  nunc. 
now,  accordingly,  igilur. 
nowhere,  nusquam. 
number,  numerus.  I,  ?». 

numbers,  muKitfKM,  inis,  /. 
(numbers),    in   great   num- 
bers, frcquens,  entis. 


O,  O,  interjection. 

oath,  jus  jurandum,  juris,  jii- 
randi,  n. 

obey,  pareo,  ere,  uT,  iturus. 

observe,  servo,  1. 

occupy,  occupo,  1. 

occur,  fio,  fieri,  faetus. 

Ocean,  Oceanus,  I,  m. 

Octavian,  Octavianus,  T,  -m. 

Octavius,  Octavius,  1,  m. 

(October),   of  October,   Octo- 
ber, ]n"is,  bre. 

Octodurus,  Octodurus,  1,  m. 

of,  from,  a,  ab,  ])re]).  icitJi  abl. 
of,     concerning,     de,     jircp. 

icith  iihl. 
of  {p(irtitive),  e,  ex. 

offer,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datus. 
offer  battle,  proelio  lacesso, 
ere,    lacesslvl,   lacessltus ; 
lit.  harass  by  battle. 

office,  li(»n(;r,  oris,  vi. ;  nu)gis- 
trfitus,  us,  ni. 

often,  saepe. 

old,  vctus,  oris. 

old  man,  senex,  senis,  ??z. 

omit,  omit  to,  ere,  misl,  missus. 

on,  in,  prep,  tcitft  abl. 

on,     concerning,    de,    prep. 

with,  (ibl. 
on  all  sides,  from  all  sides, 
undique. 

once,  once  upon  a  time,  quon- 
dam ;  olim. 
at  once,  statim. 

one,  fimis,  a,  um. 

one  another,   u.sr  the  reflexive 
pronoun. 


VocahuJary. 


21 


one  .  .  .  another,  alius  .  .  . 

alius. 
the  one  .  .  .  the  other,  al- 
ter .  .  .  alter. 
only,  tantum. 

only  one,  unus,  a,  um  ;  sSlus, 
a,  um. 
onset,  impetus,  us,  ???. 
open,  aperio.  Ire,  ul,  ertus. 
openly,  aperte  ;  ]);ilam. 
opinion,  deliberate  judgment, 

scntentia,  ae,  /. 
opportunity,  faeultas,  atis,  /. ; 

occasio,  onis,  /. 
oppress,    premd,    ere,    press!, 

pressus. 
optimates,  oplimates,  ium,  m. 
or,  aut ;  vcl. 

or,    in   second   vicmhcr   of  a 
double  queslion,  an  or  -ue. 
or  not,  in  que.slio?is,  annon, 
necne. 
oration,  oratio,  onis,  /. 
orator,  drat(jr,  oris,  ?«. 
order  {noH.n),  mandatum,  T,  n. 
order,  by  the    order,  or   at 

the  order,  jussil. 
in  order  that,    ul,  fjud  ;    in 
order  that  not,  ik". 
order   {vcrh),  jnljcd,  vr(\  jussT, 

jnssus. 
Orgetorix,  Orj^^dorTx,  rT-^is,  v). 
other,  another,  ;ilii/s,  ;i,  u<l. 
other,  the  other,  ;il1  fi-,  a,  uni. 
others,  all  the  others,  cr-lcrl. 

ought,  (lohfo,  ("to.  uI,  iliis. 
our,  our  own,  nosier,  1  ra,  (  riitn. 
out  of,  ex.  r,   prij).   ii-ith  lib/. 
outrage  (verb),  ahulor,  I,  usus. 


outside,  extra,  prep,  with  ace. 
overflow,  recluudo,  1. 
overtake,   consequor,   I,   secu- 

tus. 
overthrow,  everto,    v;(>,  verti, 

versus. 
owe,  debeo,  ere,  iii,  itus. 


pace,  passus,  us,  m. 

pacify,  paed,  1. 

pain,  dolor,  oris,  m. 

pains,  care,  dllij^entia,  ae,  /. 

pains-taking,  dilig-ens,  entis. 

panic,  pavor,  oris,  //i. 

pardon,  venia,  ae,  /. 

part,  ]:)ars,  })artis,  /. 

particularly,  praeci pue. 

partly,  i)artim. 

party,  partes,  ium,  /. 

pass   over,    oiuiltd,    ere,   mTsT, 

uvissus. 
pass  the  winter,  hiemd,  1. 
patience,  ])a(ien(ia,  ae,  /. 
pay  iiioini),  slTpcudium,  T,  n. 
pay  (rcrb),  jjeudd,  ("r(>,  ])epiMi(!T, 

jjriisus ;   sol\d,   ere,   sohl, 

solnt  us. 
peace,  pax,  jtacis,  /. 
Pedius,  Pf'dius,  I,  in. 
penalty,  poena,  .'se,  /. 
people,  ])()pnlus,  i",  ///. 
perceive,  senlid,  Ire,  sf'iisT,  sen- 

sus. 
perform,     fun^or,     T,     fniicliis 

sum. 
peril,  pei-Teulinu,  T,  //. 
period  of  life,  aelils,  alls,  /. 
perish,     die,     iiilered,     \r(\    il, 

ilurus. 


.)9 


JS^ew  Lathi  Composition. 


permanent,  sempiternus,  a,  xim. 

permit,  pormitto,  ere,  misl, 
missus ;  sino,  ere,  sIvT, 
situs  ;  be  permitted,  it  is 
permitted,  lieet,  ere,  uit. 

persuade,  persuadeo,  ere, 
suiisl,  suJisum. 

Philippic,  Philippiea,  ae,  /. 

philosopher,  sapiens,  entis,  711. 

picked,  chosen,  delectus,  a, 
uui. 

pilot,  gubernator,  oris,  7n. 

pirate,  praedo,  onis,  m. 

Piso,  Prs5,  onis,  m. 

pitch,  pclno,  ere,  posui,  it  us. 

pity,  it  excites  pity,  niiseret, 
miserere,  miseruit,  imper- 
sonal; also  misereor,  eri, 
itus. 

place,  locus,  I,  /». 

place,  collocd,  1  ;  place,  pitch 
{(I  ra/n J)),  1)0110,  ere,  posul, 
])osiius. 
place  around,  circunido,  are, 

dedr,  datus. 
place  before,  antepond,  ere, 

posuT,  posit  us. 
place  in  charge,  place  in 
command  over,  place 
over,  praeficio.  ere,  IT'ci, 
fectus,  with  the  dot.  of  in- 
direct obj. 

plan  (noun),  consilium,  T,  ??. 

plan  {verb),  eof^jto,  1. 

Plancus,  Plancus,  1,  m. 

please,  placed,  ere,  uT,  iturus. 

plot  (noun),  itisidiae,  arum,/. 

plot  'rtrb),  cdf^itd,  1. 

plunder  (noun),  j)raeda.  ae /. 

plunder  (verb),  spolid,  1. 


Pompey,  Pompejus,  eT,  ?«. 
popularity,  gratia,  ae,  /. 
possess,  possided,  ere,  sedi,  ses« 

sus. 
(possession),  gain  possession 

of,  potior,  Irl,  Ilus  sum. 
post,   place,   locus,   I,   m.  ;     pi. 

loca,  drum,  n. 
power,  potestfis,  atis,  /.  ;  po- 

tentia,  ae,  /. 
powerful,  poleiLs,  cutis,  m. 
practice,  usus,  us,  m. 
praetor,  prat.'lor,  oris,  m. 
praise  (jioun\,  laus,  laudis, /. 
praise  (verb),  Jaudd,  1. 
precede,   autecedd,   ere,   eessi, 

cf^ssurus. 
prefer,  maid,  lufdle,  maluT. 
prepare,   prepare  for,    {);ud,   1, 

trith  ore. 
prepared,  ])aralus,  ;i,  uin. 
present,    be    present,    adsum, 

esse,  fuT,  fulilrus. 
preserve,  cdiiscrvd,  1. 
prestige,  aucldi-itas,  alis, /. 
pretend,  siiuuld,  1. 
prevail  over,  vincd,    ere,  \\n, 

victus. 
prevent,  del  erred,  ere,  uT.  ilus  ; 

])i-ohi1)ed,    ere,     ul,     ilus  ; 

arced    Ti-c,    uI. 
previously,  before,  an  tea.  cdv. 
prisoner,   captive,  caj)! hus,  i, 

private.  prT\alus,  a,  uiu. 
Procillus,  Procillus,  ;,  //;. 
procure,  get  ready,  p;ird,  1. 
profession,  ars,  arti-.  /. 
promise     ynonni,     pollicitalid, 
duis,  /. 


Vocahulary. 


23 


promise    {verb),   polliceor,   eri, 

itus  ;  promitto,  ere,  misi, 

missus. 
propose,  propono,  ere,  posul, 

positus. 
proscribe,  proscribe,  ere,  serlpsi, 

scriptus. 
prosecutor,  actor,  oris,  in. 
protect,     protef^o,     ere,     texi, 

lectus  ;  tueor,  erI. 
protection,  praesidium,  T,  n. 
provide,  provide  for,  euro,  1. 
provided,  provided  that,  dam  ; 

provided  onlj'-,  dum  mode, 
province,  pruviiicia,  ac,  /. 
provincials,  socii,  orum,  m. 
prudence,  prudeiitia,  ae,  /. 
public,  j)ubIieLis,  a,  um. 
publish,  edd,  ere,  T'didl,  itus. 
Publius,  J?ul)lius,  1,  til.  ;  abhrc- 

viiiLe'l,  P. 
punishment,  supplieium,  f,  /;. 
purpose,  consilium,  I,  ri. 
pursue,     sequor,     T,     sccfitus; 

perse(|uor,  I,  seem  us. 
pursuit,  sludium,  T,  n.. 
put   in  charge,   ])ra<'li('ir),   ere, 

feel,    f'ectus;   f/orcrn.H    ace. 

(irul  ihit. 
put    to    death,    itderficio,   ere, 

fT'cT,  rectus, 
put  to  flight,  to  rout,  fiij^d,  1. 


quaestor,  quacslor,  oris,  m. 
quickly,  fc|crii(>r. 
Quinctius,  (^iiTiiclius,  T,  //;. 
Quintus,    9iiyiifiis,    T,    /«.  ;  ab- 
brcvialed,  (j. 


Quirites,      Roman      citizens, 

Quirltes,  ium,  m. 

R 

rank,  dignitas,  atis,  /. 
rashly,  temere. 
ratify,  conflrmo,  1. 
ravage,  vexo,  1  ;  populor,  1. 
read,  lego,  ere,  legi,  leetus. 

read  {aloud),  recito,  1. 
ready,  paratus,  a,  um. 
reap,  eapio,  ere,  cepi,  eaptus. 
reason,  causa,  ae,  /. 
receive,  aeeipio,  ere,  cepI,  eep- 

tus. 
recent,  rccens,  ontis. 
reckon,  uumero,  I  :  lit'beo. 
recognize,       cogTiosco,        ere, 

gnovl,  gnitus. 
recollection,  memoria,  a(\  /. 
recount,  emimerd,  1. 
recover,  r(>cnperr),  1. 
reduce,  redigd,  ere,  ("gl,  actus. 
refuse.  i-ecOsd,  1. 
regal  power,  rrgnnin,  T.  7i. 
regard,    habed,    ere,    uT,    itus; 

exist  i  in d,  1. 
regret,  it  causes  regret,  pacui- 

1  et,  ere,  uit,  im pi  rsotidl. 
reject,  rcspiid,  ere,  u\, 
rejoice,  gniidrd,  vvr.  gfuTsiis. 
relieve,  free  from,  llhcrd,  1. 
relying,  i'rri  us,  a,  uin. 
remain,     iiiancd,    dre,    mausT, 

tiiaiisrinis. 
remaining,    remainder    of.    In 

jiln.,  rcliijuus,  .'I,  um  ;    far 

■■■nnj.       use.     fcli((iia,      i)arH 

icilli   (l(  prndint  (/en. 


24 


New  Lathi   Comjoosltlon. 


remember,  bear  in  mind,  me- 
mini,  isse  ;  reininiseor,  i, 
supplies  the  present  parti- 
ciple of  meminl. 

Remi,  RemI,  drum,  m. 

remind,  admoneo,  ere,  uT,  itus. 

remove,  tollo,  ere,  sustull,  sub- 
let us. 

render  (thanks),  ago,  ere,  egl, 
actus. 

renew,  renovo,  1. 

repair,  reficio,  ere,  feel,  feetus. 

repent,  it  repents,  paenitet, 
ere,  uit,  impersonal. 

reply,  respondeo,  ere,  respond!, 
responsus. 

report,  announce,  iiuntir),  1  ; 
defero,  ferro,  tuli,  latus. 

report,  fama,  ae,  /.  ;  nuiilius, 
i,  m. 

reproach,  ineOsd,  1. 

republic,  res  puhliea,  rei  pfib- 
licae,  /. 

repulse,  repelld,  ere,  r(>ppuli, 
pulsus. 

reputation,  fama,  ae.  /. 

request,  peto,  ero,  ivT,  or  ii, 
Itus. 

resist,  resisto,  ere,  restiti, 
v:ith  flat. 

resolution  of  the  Senate,  se- 
natus  eonsultum,  T,  n. 

(resolve),  it  is  resolved,  placet, 
ere,  uit,  lit.,  it  pleases. 

rest,  the  rest,  ceteri,  ae,  a  ; 
)rith  the  sinr/.,  reliqua  ]xir3. 

restore,  replace,  restituo,  ere. 
uT,  utus ;  restore,  return, 
reddo,  ere,  reddidi,  red- 
ditus. 


retain,  retineo,  ere,  ul,  tentus. 
retreat    (noun),   reeeptus,   us, 

7n. 
retreat     (verb),     recipio,     ere, 

cepT,  ceptus,   with  the  re- 

flexive. 
return  (noun),  reditus,  us,  ??i. 
return  (verb),  go  back,  redeo, 

Ire,    il,  itura ;  revertor,  I. 
return     (trans.),     reddo,     ere, 

reddidi,  itus. 
reveal,    indico,     1  ;  patefaeio, 

ere,  feci,  factus. 
review,  recognoseo,  ere,  novl, 

nitus. 
revolt,  deficid,  ere,  feci,  feetus. 
reward    (noun),   praemium,   i, 

/;. 
reward  (verb'),  remuneror,  1. 
Rhine,  Rheiius,  I,  ni. 
Rhone,  Tvliodanus,  I,  m. 
rich,  (lives,  it  is. 
right,  jus.  juris,  n. 
rightly,  recte. 
rise  up,  cdusurg-d,  ere,  surrexi, 

surrecfum. 
risk,  perlculum.  I,  ?;. 
river,  flumen.  iuis,  n. 
road,  iter,  itiueris,  /;.;  via,  ae, 

/. 
Roman,   Rdmaiius,  a,  um  ;  as 

noun,  Rduiamis.  I,  m. 
Rome,  Rdma,  ae,  /. 
Roscius.  Rd-^fius,  I,  m. 
rouse,  solli'-itd,  1. 
rout,  put  to  rout,  fugd,  1. 
route,  iter,  itiiu^ris,  n. 
rower,  remex,  igis,  m. 
ruin,  rulna,  ae.  /. 
rule  (noun),  imperium,  I,  n. 


Vocahulary. 


or^ 


rule  (verb),  impero,  1. 
rumor,  nlmor,  oris,  ?w. 
runaway  slave,  fu,<,ntlvus,  T,  m. 


Sabiius,  SabTnus,  T,  ni. 
sacred,     sacor,      era,      erum ; 

sanetus,  a,  Tim. 
saf 3,  tutus,  a,  um  salviis,  a,  um. 
safety,  salus,  Otis,  /. 
sail  (verb),  navigo,  1. 
sake,  for  the  sake,  causa  (abl.) 

with  gen.;  the  gen.  alwcnj-^ 

precedes. 
sally,   eruplid,   onis,  /. 
salute,  salutd,  1. 
same.  Idem,  cadcm,  idem, 
save,  scrvf),  1. 
say,  died,  ere,  dixT,  dietus. 
scale  (fnni>i.),  transeondd,  ere, 

cudi, 
scarcely,  \lx. 
scattered,  rarus,  a,  um. 
Scipio,  Sclpid,  dnis,  m. 
scout,  cxpldr'atoc,  oris,  m. 
sea,  mni'i',  is,  n. 
seal,  sii^iium,  T,  n. 
seamanship.   r("s  nauli('a(>,  n~- 

ruiii  !i;iu1  icaiMim,  /. 
second,  sccundus.  ;i.  um. 
second  time,  ilcrum. 
secure    procure,   p;ird,    1  ;   se- 
cure   one's    request,    im- 

jx'trd,  1 . 
see,    \iilcd,    vrv,    \idi,    \Tsus ; 

see  t3  it,  pfd\  idcd  ;  (-ufd, 

1. 
seek,     petd,  ere,  u  [  (ili.  Tins, 
seem,  \  idi'Dr,  vn,  \fsus. 
Seine,  iSrquana,  ac,  /. 


seize,  oeeupd,  1. 
self,  oneself,  sui,  sibi,  se. 
self,  i.e.,  I  inyself,  you  your- 

ticlf,  c/c.,ipsei/i  apposition 

with  a  noun  or  pronoun. 
sell,  vendd,  ore,  vendidi,  ven- 

ditus. 
Senate,   senatus,  us,   m  ;  sen- 
ate-house, curia,  ae,  /. 
senator,  senator,  oris,  m. 
send,  mittd,  ere,  misT,  missus. 
send  ahead,  praemitfd,  ere, 

mIsT,  missus. 
send     back,     remittd,     ere, 

mlsi,  missus. 
(September),    of    September, 

September,  bris,  bre. 
Sequani,  SequanT,  drum,  //;. 
serious,  f^ra\is,  e. 
set,  appoint,  const  it  ud,  (>r(\  uT 

fitus. 
set  forth  [trnns.),  expdud,  ere, 

I)osur,  posit  us. 
set  on  fire,  ineemld,  ere,  cendl, 

census, 
set    out,   proficTseor,   T,  f(>cti'-.:. 
set  up,  collocd,  1 . 
settle,  collocd,  1 . 
seven,  septem. 
seven  hundred,  s(>ptinp;eiitT.  a(\ 

a. 
seven    hundredth,    septini;('ii- 

ti'simus,  a,  um. 
seventh,  sept  iuius,  ;i,  um. 
several,  complfu'cs.  a  or  ia 
severe  '  nf  /yr/-.>:o//xi.  se\  cms,  a, 

i;ui  ;    ( nf  Ihi iiii.-<] .  t,"-;!  \  is,  e. 
severity,  scscrilils,  ;iii:',  f. 
Sextius.  ScxI  iu-:,  T,  ///. 
Sextus,  Sext  us,  1,  ni. 


26 


Neio  Latin  Composition. 


shield,  scutum,  I,  n. 

ship,  navis,  is,  /. ;  ship  of  war, 
navis  longa. 

shore,  Iltus,  oris,  n. 

short,  brevis,  e. 

shout,  elamo,  1. 

show,  ostendo,  ere,  endi,  en- 
tus ;  show  {oneself), 
praesto,  are,  praestiti, 
praestitus. 

side,  latus,  eris,  n. 

Sicilians,  Sicull,  orum,  m. 

Sicily,  Sicilia,  ae,  /. 

(side),  from  all  sides,  on  all 
sides,  undique  ;  this  side 
of,  eitra,  prep.  v:ith  (icc. 

siege,  obsidio,  onis,  /. 

sight,  conspectus,  us,  m. 

Silanus,  Sllauus,  T,  m. 

silent,  be  silent,  become  si- 
lent, taced,  ero,  uT,  itus. 

silently,  silent  id. 

since  (causnl),  cum;  as  prep., 
ex,  icith  abl. 

six,  sex. 

six  hundred,  sexcenti,  ae,  a. 

sixteen,  sedocim. 

sixteenth,  sextus  decimus. 

sixth,  sextus,  a,  um. 

sixty,  sexaginta. 

size,  magnitudo,  inis, /. 

skilled,  peritus,  a,  um. 

slaughter,  caedes,  is,  /. 

slave,  servus,  I,  m. 

slavery,  sorvitus,  uli.s, /. 

slay,  occldo,  ere,  cidi,  cisus. 

slinger,  funditor,  oris,  ?n. 

small,  parvus,  a,  um. 

smoothness,  lenitas,  atis,  /. 

so  (q/  degree) ,  tam,  adeo. 


so,  thus  (of  manner),  sic,  ita 
so  great,  tantus,  a,  um. 
so  greatly,  tantopere. 
so  many,  tot,  indeclinable. 
so  much,  tantopere. 
soldier,  miles,  itis,  m. 
some,  something,  aliquis,  ali- 
qua,   aliquid   or  aliquod* 
nonnfillus,  a,  um. 
some  one,  aliquis. 
some  .  .  .  others,     alii    .  .  . 

alii. 
some       (persons),       nonnfiUi, 

orum. 
somehow  or  other,  nescio  quo 

pactu. 
son,  fllius,  1,  VI. 
soon,  quickly,  mox,  cito;  soon 
after,  ])aulo  post. 
as  soon  as,  simul  atque  (ae). 
sooner,  c-itius. 
Spain,  Hisi)ruiia,  ae, /. 
Spanish,  Uispauus,  a,  um. 
spare,  ])arcd,  ere,  pepercl,  ])ar- 

surus,  irilh  dal. 
speak,  loquor,  \,  locutus  ;  dleo, 

ere,  dlxT,  dictus. 
spear,  tehnn,  I,  n. 
speech,  oratio,  dnis,  /. 
speed,  C'cl.'ritas,  atis,/. 
spend,  df'gd,  ere,  degl. 
spring,  ver,  veris,  7i. 
stand,  std,  are,  steti,  staturus; 
stand  around  (trans.),  cir- 
eumstd,  are,  stiti. 
standard,  signum,  i,  n. 
state,  ei\'ilas,  atis,  /. 
station,  collocd,  1. 
statue,  statua,  ae,  /. ;  signum 

I,   71. 


Vocabulary. 


27 


stayer,  supporter,  Stator,  oris, 

m. 
steadfastness,  eonstantia,  no, 

/. 
still    {temporal),   adhuc ;     still 

(  =  nevertheless),  tamen, 
stir  up,  ':;xeito,  1. 
stone,  lapis,  idis,  vi. 
storm,  tempestas,  atis,  /. 
(story),  the  story  goes,  tradi- 

tur,    tradl,    traditum   est, 

lit.  it  is  Juinded  down. 
strange,  novus,  a,  um. 
stream,  fhlnicn,  inis,  n. 
strength,  vires,  iuin,  /. ;  /jL  of 

vis. 
Strengthen,  fortify,  inuiiio,  Ii'o, 

ivi.  It  us. 
strict,  severus,  a,  um. 
strive,  Jiltor,  I,  ulxus  or  iilsus. 
strong,  \alidus,  ;i,  um. 
sturdy,  fori  is,  o. 
subdue,  pacify,  ^nu-o,  1. 
substitute,   siil)s(il  ud,   ere,   ulj 

fit  us. 
such,  ifdis,  (,' ;   such  as,  quftiis, 

c. 
sudden,    rfjx'ullnus,    a,    um  ; 

suliil  us,  ;i,,  urti. 
suddenly,  s.liilo. 
suddenness,  ffIiTli;ls,  atis,/. 
Suebi,  Sur'l>I,  orum,  di. 
Suessiones,  Siic-^sioiirs.  \\\n.vi. 
Sugambri,  Sii,t,f;iiiilirl,  oi-uiii,  ///. 
suffer,  ]);!ti()r,  j,  piissus  sum. 

suffer  from,  ];il)drd,  1. 
sufficient,  sufhciently,  s'liis. 
suitable,  iddiicus,  ;i,  iii,i. 
suited,  ;icci)iiim()(l;ll  IIS,  a,  uiti. 
summer,  acslas,  atis,  /. 


summit  of,   sumraus,   a,   um, 

limiting  a  substantive. 
summon,  vocd,  1  ;  eonvoco,  1 , 

arecsso,  ere,  IvI,  Itus. 
supplies,  eommeatus,  us,  m. 
support,  aid  {noun),  subsidium, 

I,  n. 
support    {verb),    defendo,    ere, 

fendl,  fensus. 
surpass,   pz'aeeedo,   ere,   cessi, 

cessurus ;  supero,  1. 
surrender  {noun),  deditio,  onis, 

/. 
surrender    {verb),    of   persons, 

dodo,  ere,  dedidi,  deditus, 

ivith    rc/lc.rirc    pron.  ;     oj 

things,  tradd,  ere,  tradidi, 

Iraditus. 
surround,     eireuuneuid,     Ire, 

vdiil,    veiilus;     cii'cuiued. 

Ire,    il,    ii  us  ;      cirt'uuidd, 

dare,  dcdl,  daf  us. 
suspect,  suspieor,  1 . 
suspicion,  sus])Icid,  duis, /. 
swamp,  palus,  udis,  /. 
swarm,  a^'tu(>ii,  iiiis,  n. 
swiftness,  celerilfis,  atis,/. 
sword,  frladiiis,  I,  ;//. 
Syracuse,  Sxracusae,  firuin,/. 
Syracusans, (Syraensfuil,  druin, 

)n. 

T 

take,  capid,  ei'c,  e(  |)i,  cnptus; 

t)f  pii  iii:<h  nicnl,  sill  I  id,   ere, 

srniipsl,  suiiip!  us. 
take  away,  1  olid,  ere,  siislull, 

sul)l;l!  iH. 
take   from,  adiiiid,  ere,  iiiil, 

din  pi  IIS. 
take  by  storm,  expu.i^ud,  1, 


28 


New  Latin  Composition. 


take  possession,  oceiipd,  1  ; 
possidoo,  Oro,  sedi,  scssus. 
take     (with     one),    addueo, 
ere,  duxi,  ductus. 

talent,  ingenium,  i,  ?i. 

talk,  dico.  oro.  dixT,  diet  us. 

tamper  with,  solicit,  sollicito,  1. 

tarry,  mcror,  1. 

teach,  docoo,  ere,  ui,  doctus. 
taught,  odoctus. 

teacher,  praeeeptor,  oris,  m.  ; 
praeeeptrlx',  leis,  /. 

tear  down,  reseiudo,  ere,  seidl, 
seissus ;  diruo,  ere,  rul, 
rutus. 

tell,  say,  died,  ore,  dIxT,  dic- 
tus. 

temper,  animus,  T.  m. 

temple,  aedes,  is,/. ;  tcmplum, 
1,  71.  Wlica  used  u'it/i 
preci!<ioii,  ac^dos  rcfrrs  to 
tlte  hidl<lln(j  onjij,  ivJrilc 
teniplum  Inclu'lc.-i  iJ,e  con- 
secrated (ircn  as  ircll. 

ten,  decern. 

tend,  pertinod,  ere,  uT. 

tenor,  sentiment,  sontentia, 
ae,  /. 

tenth,  decimus,  a,  um. 

terms,  conditions,  eondieidnos, 
um,  /. 

terrify,  terrod,  ere,  u7,  tcrritus  ; 
greatly  terrify,  pertcrred,  ere, 
uT,  it  us. 

territory,  fines,  ium,  ?w. 

Teutons,  Teutoni,  um,  ??i. 

than,  quam,  conj. 

thanks,  gratiae,  arum,  /. 

thanksgiving,  supplicalio,  dnis, 
/. 


that,  ille,  ilia,  illud ;  is  ea,  id : 
that   of  yours,   isto,   ista, 
istud. 
that  (rel.  pron.),  qui,  quae, 

quofl. 
that,  in  order  that,  ut ;  qui, 
quae,  qu(jd   with  the  sub- 
jnnctlve;     with     compara- 
tives, quo. 
that,  lest,  with  verbs  of  fear- 
ing, uo. 
that  not,  in  order  that  not, 

no. 
that  not,   with  verbs  of  fear- 
ing, ut. 
that    {of    result),     ut ;   that 

not,  ut  ndn. 
that,  the  fact  that,  as  to  the 

fact  that,  quod,  conJ. 
that,    on   the    ground   that, 

([uod. 
that,    after    verJ)s    of    doubt- 
ing,   etc.,    quTn,    lit.     whij 
not.' 
the  .   .   .  the     (jvith    compara- 
tives), qud  .   .   .  cd. 
theft,  ffirtum,  T,  n. 
their,  their  own,  suus,  a,  um. 
then,  afterwards,  doiiido. 
then,  accordingly,  igitur. 
then,  at  that  time,  turn. 
there,  ihi. 

therefore,     itaquo ;  or     igitur 
following     one     or     more 
words     of     the     sentence; 
proptorea. 
thick,  erassus,  a,  um. 
thing,  res,  rel,  /. 

thing,    a    thing    which,    id 
quod,  or  simply  quod. 


Vocabulary. 


29 


think,    puto,     1 ;  sentio,     ire, 
sensi,  sensus ;  arbitror,  1. 
think,  reflect,  cogito,  1. 
think,   regard,   existimo,    1. 

third,  terlius,  a,  um. 

third,  third  part,  tertia  pars. 

thirteenth,  tertius  dceimus. 

thirty,  trlginta. 

this,  hie,  haee,  hoe ;  this  side 
of,  eitrii,  prep,  with  ace. 

thither,  oo. 

those  (as  antecedent  of  rela- 
tive), ei,  eae,  ea. 

thou,  tti,  till. 

though,  quamquam,  qiiamvis, 
etsi,  cum. 

thousand,  mlllc,  pi.  rallia,  ium, 
n. 

threaten,  iminiiieo,  ere; 
threaten  {to  do  .some- 
tin  ikj),  minor,  1. 

threats,  minae,  arum,  /. 

three,  Ires,  tria. 

three  days,  trTduuTn,  T,  7t. 
three  hundred,  Irefciiti,  ae, 

a. 
three  times,  icr,  adv. 
three  years,  triennium,  I,  n. 

through,  through  the  instru- 
mentality of,  per,  prep. 
v;it/i.  fine. 

throw,  jaeio,  ere,  jecT,  jachis. 

throw  into  confusion,  pcr- 
1  ur])o,  1 . 

thus,  ita  ;  sic 

thwart,  olisisid,  ero,  obsLilT, 
iri/h  dal. 

Tiberius,  'I'ibcriiis,  T,  in. 

till,  duiii,  (loiii'c,  qiiond,  coiij. 

till,  ^'    to,  ad,  prep,  with  ace. 


time,  tempiis,  oris,  n. 
tithe,  decuma,  ae,  /. 
Titurius,  Titurius,  i,  m. 
Titus,  Titus,  I,  m. 
to,  ad,  prep,  with  ace. 

to  which,  whither,  quo,  adv. 
to-day,  hodie. 
to-morrow,  eras. 
too,  too  much,  nimium,  adv. 
(too),  and  that  too,  et  is,  ea,  id. 
top  of,  summus,  a,  um. 
Tolosa,  Toulouse,  Tolosa,  ae,  /. 
towards  {of  feeling),  in,  erga, 

ivith  ace;  of  tnotion,   ad, 

ivWi  ace. 
town,  opi)idum,  T,  n. 
transport,  IraiisDorto,  1. 
treachery,  msidiae,  arum,  /. ; 

perfidia,  ao,  /. 
treaty,  foodus,  etis,  n. 
trench,  fossa,  ae,  /. 
Treveri,  Treverl,  oruin,  in. 
trial,  judicium,  T,  /(. 
tribe,  gens,  gent  is, /. 
tribunate,  lril)niiat  us,  us,  in. 
tribune,  tribfums,!,  ///. :  tribune 

of    the    people,     liihriiius 

l>lr'bis. 
tribute,  sITpeiidinm,  T,  n. 
troops,  cdpiai',  rirurii, /. 
true,  vrnis,  a,  inn. 
trust,  cdnrrdo,  ei-e,  f[siis,  :.rmi- 


trusty,  lidf'lis,  e. 

try,  Conor,   1 . 

turn,      convcrld,      ere,      verti, 

\'efsiis. 
Tusculum,  Tiisi'iibini,  T,  //. 
twelfth,  diiodcciinds,  a,  um, 
twelve,  duodeciui. 


30 


I^cio  Latin  Comi^osition. 


twenty,  vlginti. 
two,  duo,  duae,  duo. 

two  days,  biduum,  i,  n. 

two  hundred,  dueenti,  ae,  a. 

two  years,  biennium,  i,  n. 
tyrant,  tyranuus,  T,  in. 

Is 

Ubii,  I'liil,  (Iruin,  ni. 
unbroken,  uninjured,  integer, 

gra,  gruin. 
uncertain,  infcrtus,  a,  um. 
uncle,  avunculus,  I,  m. 
undergo,  sul)eo,  ire,  ii,  iturus. 
understand,  intellego,  ere,  lexT, 

lee  t  us. 
undertake,  suseipio,  ere,  cepT, 

eeptus. 
unharmed,  iueoluinis,  e. 
unjust,  iujilstus,  a,  um. 
unless,  nisi. 

unless    indeed,     nisi    vero, 

nisi  forte. 
unpopularity,  invidia,  ae,  /. 
until,  dum,  dor.ee,  quond  ;  r/x 

prep.,  ad  icilJi  ncc. 
unwilling,  invltus,  a,  uin. 
be    unwilling,     nolo,    ndll(\ 

noluL 
uprightness,   prol)itas,   atis,  /. 
uprising,     tuniultus,     us,     //;.  ; 

nidtus,  us,  in. 
urge,  hortor,  1. 
us,  nos,  nostrum,  nostri,  pi.  nj 

ego. 
use  {noun),  usus,  us,  //;. 
use  frtrb),  fit  or.  I.  u>us. 
Usipetes,  I'sipetrs,  um,  ni. 
utter,  (lied,  ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
utterance,  vo.x,  voeis,  /. 


valiantly,  fortiter. 

valley,  vallis,  is,  /. 

valor,  virtus,  ntis,  /. 

value,  aestimo,  1. 

vanquish,     vinco,     ere,      vici, 

vietus. 
Veneti,  Venetl,  orum,  m. 
(vengeance),   take  vengeance 

on,  ulelseor,  I,  idtus. 
venture,  audeo,  ere,  a  usus. 
Veragri,  \'eragrl,  orum,  ni. 
Vercingetorix,     VereingetorLx, 

rigis,  //;. 
Verres,  Verres,  is,  in. 
versed  in,  perltus,  a,  um. 
very,  irilh  (i'lj('clire.s,  crj/nssed 

by  the  ^•Ujivrldlirc    diijrcc; 

elsnrhi  re,   \'alde. 
ivHh  ■•oihstn nitres,  ipse,  a,  um ; 

with  superldtires,  vel. 
very  many,  eomplures,  ia. 
Vesontio,  Vesontid,  dnis,  in. 
Vestal  Virgin,  virgd   Veslalis, 

virginis  VestTdis,  /. 
veteran,  vi^tei'anus,  a,  um. 
vice,  improbitas,  atis./. 
vicinity,  in  the  vicinity  of,  for 

the   vicinity   of,    ad,    irilh 

ace. 
victory,  ^i(•tdria,  ae, /. 
village,  \  T(-us,  I,  m. 
violate,  ■.  iold,  1. 
Viromandui,  Viromandul, 

drum,  in. 
virtue,  \i'-tus,  ulis.  /. 
visit,   adcd.   Ire,    ii,    it  us;   visit 

(irit/i      pii  nisltinent.      ite.). 

aliicid,  ere,  I'eei,  feet  us 


Vocahulary. 


3] 


voice,  vox,  vocis,  /. 
Volusenus,  Volusenus,  I,  ni. 

W 

wage,  gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus. 

wait,  cxspecto,  1. 

wall,  murus,  i,   /n.  ;  wall  of  a 

house,  i)aries,  elis,  //;. 
war,  Ijellum,  i,  n. 
war-chariot,  esseduui,  i,  >i. 
ward    off,    depello,    ere,    pull, 

pulsus. 
warlike,  hellicosus  a,  uin. 
warn,     nioneo,     ere,     ul,    itus. 
(warning),  give  a  warning,  ad- 

iiioned,  ere,  iiT,  it  us. 
watch,  \igilia,  ae,  /. 
water,  aqua,  ae,  /. 
way,  manner,  modus,  i,  )n. 

way,  route,  iter,  ilineris,  n. 
weak,  del)ilis,  e. 
weakness,  Infirniita-,  alis, /. 
weakened,  eoufectus,  a,  uin. 
wealth,  dr\itiae,  arutn,/. 
wealthy,  dives,  it  is. 
weapons,  anna,  orum,  n. 
welcome,  gratus,  a,  uin. 
well,  bene. 
what    (inlcrraf/.),    (plid,    suhst.; 

what     kind,     nature,     of 

what  nature,  cjiirdis,  c 
whatever.  f|iii-(|ui-,  (jui'-fiuid. 
when?    (luandu. 

when     I nhii'irc  I,     cum,     ut, 

uKi. 
whenever,  nt,  cum. 
where?   iilii. 

where  inhi/irr),  idii;    wher 

ever,  uljicunqiie. 


whether,  num,  ~ne. 

whether  ...  or,  utruni  .  .  , 

an ;  whether    .    .    .    not, 

nonne. 
which,  qui,  quae,  quod. 
while,  dum,  donee,  coiij. 
whither,  quo. 
who?  quis. 

who,  which  (rel.  pron.),  (jui, 

quae,  quod. 
who  (does)  not,  who  (is)  not, 

quTn. 
whole,  tolus,  a,  um. 
why?   eur,  quid,  quam  ol)  rem 
why  not,   aj'icr    nOlla   eause 

est,  etc.,  quin. 
wicked,  seeleralus,  a,  um. 
wickedness,  seel  us,  eris,  a. 
wide,  latus,  a,  iim. 
wife,  uxcjr,  oris,  /. 
will,  testamentum,  I,  ii. 
willingly,  readily,  lilxnler. 
win,  attain,  adijjiscor,  I,  adc[i- 

tus;    win   over,    concilid, 

1. 
winter,  liiems,  cmis,  /. 

winter     quarters,     liTlierna, 

drum,  /(. 
wisdom,  sapicntia,  ac,  /. 
wise,  sapiens,  cnl  is. 
wish,  void,  \cllc,  \(iluT. 
with,  cum,   ///■'  ji.   irilh  iilil. 
with    (nc'    i iii-iiiri i/ij    pnrlln- 

/ml inn),    at  the   house   of, 

a  pud,    ji'i  ji.    iri'lli   (!(■<•. 
withdraw     itrnii:-:.),     sulidficd, 

(  I'c,     diixT,     duct  ns  ;     { i n- 

Irntis.  ),  dT'cr-di),   vvv.   cc^si, 

ccssfir-u-^. 
within,  intra,  jirvji.  wilii  ace. 


82 


New  Latin  Composition. 


without,  sine,  prep,  with  abl. 
be   without,   earec,   Ore,   iii, 

iturus. 
withstand,    sustineo,    ere,    ui, 

tentus. 
witness,  testis,  is,  m. 
woman,  mulier,  eris,  /. 
wonder,  miror,  1. 
wonderful,  mirabilis,  e. 
wont,  am  wont,  perf.  of  eon- 

suesco,  ere,  suevi,  suet  us. 
woods,  silva,  ae,  /. 
word,  verbum,  i,  n. 
work  (a  tvork),  opus,  eris,  n. 
worship,  veneror,  1  ;  eolo,  ere, 

colul,  cultus. 
worthy,  dignus,  a,  um. 
wound,  vulnus,  eris,  n. 
wounded,  saucius,  ;i.,  um. 
wreck  {of  vessels),  frango,  ere, 

fregl,  fractus. 
wrest,    extorqueo,    ere,    torsi, 

tortus,  with  d  it.  of  person 

from  whom. 


wretched,  miser,  a,  um. 

write,  scrlbo,  ere,  scrips!,  scrip- 
tus. 

wrong,  injuria,  ae,  /. ;  wrong- 
doing, injuriae,  arum,  /. 


year,  annus,  i,  m. 

yet,  nevertheless,  famen, 

not  yet.  nondum. 
yield,   cedd,  ere,  cessi,   eessu- 

rus. 
you,  to,  tul;  vos,  vestrum  or 

vestj'I. 
young  man,  juvenis,  is,  m. 
your,  your  own,  tuus,  a,  um ; 

vester,  tra,  trum. 
youth,  period  of  youth,  adules- 

eenlia,  ae,  /. 


zeal,  studium,  I,  ru 


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